Waste Management Scandal Essay Sample free essay sample

Senior member Buntrock set up Waste Management. Inc. in 1968. Its main expectation is to get reusing and trash from private housing and concerns. WM other than discards the decline in landfills. It has become the biggest reject removal organization in the U. S. today. This organization has figured out how to last â€Å"one of the most crying bookkeeping fakes we have seen† said Thomas C. Newkirk of the SEC. This bookkeeping earth kept going from 1992 to 1997 and was the result of army inappropriate disbursal facilities to explode Waste Management’s total compensations. They other than erroneously recorded liabilities. deterioration. rescue estimation of advantages and the utile existence of those resources for run into extending overall gains. Buntrock was the indiscreet power of the soil. He set the sticking overall gains and urged the Numberss to be controlled to make those total compensations. Erroneously stretching the utile existence of the deny trucks and overstat ing the rescue estimation of them. We will compose a custom paper test on Squander Management Scandal Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page in twist diminished the one-year devaluation disbursals. blowing up overall gains. achieved this. In different occurrences focuses in old periods that have no rescue esteem joined to them out of nowhere were given rescue esteems. Furthermore. landfills were non devalued as they were loaded up with decline. GAAP expects landfills to be deteriorated in a similar mode as hardware. In Waste Management’s monetary proclamations. pretty much all landfills were conveyed at cost and were non deteriorated as they got loaded up with decline. They other than swelled the ecological local armies ( obligation ) to make a humility of hard money to disguise irrelevant working disbursals. This took into consideration net gain to be swelled each piece great. Squander Management other than submitted other ill-advised accounts while trying to cover the old year’s misrepresentation. Since the soil proceeded for mature ages the hyperbolic overall gains revealed at the terminal of one twelvemonth would go the balance for the undermentioned mature ages each piece swelled sticking total compensations. The main part of this utilization. known as bandage and geographics. was done at corporate focal office. The â€Å"top-l evel adjustments† wiped out about $ 490 million in current period working disbursals and accumulated errors. This $ 490 million originated from the sacking use when they balance their disbursals with irrelevant augmentations on the offer of benefits. The geographics use permitted them to make a trip 1000000s of dollars to various regions of the salary proclamation to â€Å"make the financials look the way we need to demo them† said James Koenig. one of the essential powers behind the earth. Be that as it may. none of the misleading exercises would hold gone obscure for such a long time without the help of the listeners. Arthur Anderson LLP. engaged with Waste Management. Buntrock did non move completely in this earth. A considerable lot of his significant level partners had a manus in this misrepresentation. Other cardinal members included: Phillip Rooney ( President. COO and CEO for a time of the soil ) . James E. Koenig ( CFO and Executive VP ) . Thomas C. Hau ( VP and Chief Accounting Officer ) . Bruce D. Tobecksen ( VP of Finance ) . what's more, Herbert Getz ( Senior VP. General Counsel and Secretary ) . Every individual from this earth enormously benefitted in some way. Buntrock made over $ 16. 9 million during the e arth. Rooney earned $ 9. 2 million. Koenig over $ 900. 000. Hau harvested over $ 600. 000. Tobecksen over $ 400. 000 and Getz picked up $ 450. 000. Despite the fact that the top degree executives profited in this situation. the investors endured enormously. They lost an aggregate of around $ 6 billion dollars in the market estimation of Waste Management’s stock. By the terminal of the earth Waste Management’s stock money related qualities dropped around 33 % . Generally speaking. Squander Management’s overall gains were exaggerated by over $ 1. 7 billion. As clasp advanced. the extent of exaggeration definitely expanded. In 1992. the per centum exaggerated was 14. 9 % and in 1995 the per centum exaggerated was 77. 6 % . In the last twelvemonth of the earth ( 1996 ) Waste Management truly got lost $ 39. 000. 000 however after the â€Å"top degree adjustments† they made over $ 190. 000. 000. During an adjustment in course during July of 1997. the new CEO mentioned a reappraisal of the bookkeeping examples of Waste Management which demonstrated the tricky action. This prompted the repetition of the monetary proclamation of the previous five mature ages. It other than made the soil travel open and the previous to p degree executives to be arraigned. In the terminal. they needed to pay a whole of over $ 30 million in mulcts and banned Buntrock. Rooney. Hau and Getz from ever being an official or supervisor of an open organization. None of them served cut in gaol since the occasion was settled outside of the court. Arthur Andersen LLP appeared to simply obtain a smack on the carpus by being rebuked by the SEC and got a little mulct contrasted with that of the top degree executives of Waste Management. Squander Management someway recuperated from this cataclysm. The new heading. counting A. Maurice Myers. has definitely changed the way things are done at Waste Management. He made certain the workers were all cheerful which incorporated a modification the paysheet framework and improved advantages. He other than approached the customers for their input and changed to suit their requests. Generally. through the fundamental changes Waste Management experienced. they significantly improved their financial situation. Stock financial qualities went up around 85 % from 2000 to 2003. Squander Management was removed the crap rundown and set on the putting list by numerous assessment departments in 2003. In 2008. Squander Management was named one of the world’s most moral organizations by Ethispher e.

Crowd Funding Report

Question: Depict about crowdfunding investigation and suggestions as per the exploration. Answer: Presentation Group subsidizing is a procedure where an enormous number of individuals contribute a little measure of their cash to raise the fund. As of not long ago, a huge amount of cash is asked from barely any individuals includes the way toward financing venture or business, however crowdfunding utilizes the web to interface with a large number of individuals for subsidizing. These assets help in setting up a site or venture which are controlled by the individuals from the association. Web based life, the system of companions that are utilized generally, can be utilized to fund-raise. Present day swarm subsidizing process includes a for the most part utilization of web-based social networking. Scientist's recommended that the cash can be given to makers or funders who see the field as progressively important. Elective money which has come out of the customary account framework is a type of group subsidizing( Kirby. what's more, Worner 2014) Conversation Group subsidizing is a lot of valuable for the makers giving a few advantages which can be budgetary or nonfinancial. As expressed by Belleflamme et al. (2013).Non-business benefits of crowdfunding incorporate I) A potential task helps in raising the profile of the maker just as help with boosting up their notoriety. ii) The venture began by an initiator can show the crowd and market for their undertaking which will be useful if there should arise an occurrence of fruitless condition, it can give advertise criticism. Iii) A discussion is made by venture initiators to associate with the crowds, and they are occupied with creation by taking updates from makers and sharing input by remarking on the crowdfunding page. Iv) input from the perusers helps the undertaking initiators in getting to the market or testing criticism from the market( Mitra 2012). There are numerous money related advantages from crowdfunding. It helps the makers in accomplishing ease capital. Prior a maker needs to take help from loved ones, home value advances, investment funds that are made for individual reasons, and so on however with the assistance of crowdfunding, makers can discover the funders from all through the world (Shiller 2013) Group subsidizing is an area that is as yet creating all through the world. It is a stage that helps the independent venture a beginning up by getting reserves. Speculation is basically made through online stages. As indicated by UK Crowdfunding Association, there are essentially three sorts of crowdfunding which are obligation, value, and gift. Gift swarm subsidizing fundamentally manages speculation and individuals puts cash since they have faith in a reason. Unconditional presents, collections, standard updates of news can be offered as a prize. Givers have either social or individual purpose for the speculation of cash. They don't anticipate anything in the arrival of their cash; their solitary intention is to assist the activities with feeling great( Belleflamme et al. 2014.) Obligation crowdfunding primarily manages speculators who took their cash back with premium. Obligation Crowdfunding is otherwise called distributed loaning. Paying off debtors swarm, subsidizing financial specialists put away their cash to makers to give assistance in their activities and return they recover their cash with some extra premium. At the point when the cash is loan to a poor, regularly in creating nations, they enthusiasm on the contributed capital isn't determined and they are helped in their tasks and at times the procedure is known as microfinance( Bruton and Wrigh 2015). Value crowdfunding manages the possibility that individuals for the most part contribute to get an open door for trading the proprietorship. Regularly, cash is moved to ventures, adventures, and so on for an offer. On the off chance that the estimation of a stock goes up, at that point, cash persistently increments, then again, on the off chance that the estimation of an offer beginnings diminishing, at that point a financial specialist can lose their cash out and out( Ahlers et al. 2015) Crowdfunding is a lot of helpful for both the makers and a financial specialist, and it completes three things well. They are-I) Announces the thought openly It gives a stage to convey and report the sentiments freely which will be significant just as fundamental. Ii)The arrange gets utilized It causes or permits to coordinate the shareable profile to companions, or to companions of companions to gain benefit. Along these lines, thusly, crowdfunding gives advantage to its speculators. Iii)Fundraise coordination-It ends up being a main issue in giving all its help in a brief period that is inside 30 to 90 days. After then assets are gathered from the supporters. Crowdfunding examination and suggestions as per the exploration: The exploration work is portrayed here as the estimation through the scientific foundation of Crowdfunding viewpoints in Brazil. The investigation of the previously mentioned realities essentially recommends that the how in the serious market the environment for the business is getting worked and connecting itself to their huge systems (Carvajal et al. 2012). The investigation of the crowdfunding viewpoint results to two inquiries The situating of the crowdfunding organizations in the business environment How they work the crowdfunding techniques in the business biological system appropriately. System: The various perspectives gathered from the different contextual investigations, the aggregated advances are those which is significant for the examination of the crowdfunding angle are, Diagnostic part of relevant definition Choice strategy of the case The meeting convention for the information assortment framework. Examination of the information Portrayal of the looked into information Choice of case: The occasion of the cross-subsidizing organizations of Brazil is picked as the principal example for the examination reason. Her two fundamental rules are featured The area of expressions and diversion is considered for the investigation, as it has the no issues to talk about. For having, in any event, a time of understanding for the for the meeting. The organizations which are chosen for the explanatory reason for existing are, Mobz, which is offering the extensions for the having the live perspective on the games, and different occasions. Next organization is Queremos, which is giving the brand name and fan bolster the happenings. The third one is Catarse, it partakes in the venture expressions. Assortment of information: The information for the examination is an assemblage of the information from the meetings and sites, and the reports gave by the inner sources and the inclusion region of the press. The inclusion zone for the media gives the data about the organization assets in subtleties. The convention perspective on the meeting: The convention perspective on the meeting point of view is examined here. Information examination: By the product bolster approach the relevant data is recorded isolated into ten angles, an) organizing impact of the online life, b) shows occurred, c) inspirational part of the client, d) CRM, e) forming of the substance, f) motivators for the members, g) margining, h) driving of time, I) basically assessed mass. From every one of these angles the information is accurately taken and afterward it is contrasted with care with get the perspective of the character. Result approach: To get the best possible outcomes, it is compulsory to acquire the outcomes in a composed way. This is accomplished by the point by point perspective on the biological system. The information from the three organizations are thought about in each progression of the judgment. Critical view purpose of the Crowdfunding approach: In any examination, there is in every case a few advantages factors and hazard factors for the exploration. The advantage and hazard factors are talked about here- The non-budgetary favorable circumstances of the Crowdfunding are-A) profile: a correct example bolsters the coordinator to get the notoriety. B) advertising approach: for the starting of the item in the market, it is essential to have right arrangement about the market. C) the board of the clients is another acceptable angle which is picked up by the Crowdfunding approach (Gerber and Hui 2013). Hazard variables of the Crowdfunding: Loss of notoriety: by not conveying the undertaking on time in light of disappointment of the battle missions is one risk in the Crowdfunding. Insurance of IP: before the item is propelled in the market the thought behind it some of the time get the break out in the market, which is another reason for disappointment of the missions of the Crowdfunding. Depletion of the giver party: In the event that a similar system supporters are reached a few times, at that point the hazard factors expanded. Damaging conduct of people in general: Without keeping up a guideline of the work culture, the trick can be happened to the reserve of the association (Davidson and Poor 2015). End: The examination work closes with the view that the crowdfunding approach gives the stage to organize gigantic quantities of basic occasions, it can produce new requests for the clients by the evaluation of the reminiscent of the pundits. As per the information recovered for the organization Mobz and Queremos, both of this organization have the methodology of improvement of the great parts of business. This kind of approach prompts the availability between the estimation of the item and the evaluation of the organizations. As indicated by the exploration, it is discovered that Brazil is monetarily steady enough as it has the help of Crowdfunding approach (Mollick 2014). In spite of the fact that the Crowdfunding has some negative viewpoints just as some positive side, it is very better to bring the fund and up in carrying the item to the market. By the help of Crowdfunding the clients can get strong viewpoint in conceivable way and the financial specialist looks from the single point can get appropriate worth (Belleflamme et al. 2013). Reference: Ahlers, G.K., Cumming, D., Gnther, C. what's more, Schweizer, D., 2015. Motioning in value crowdfunding. Business Theory and Practice, 39(4), pp.955-980. Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T. what's more, Schwienbacher, A., 2013. Individual crowdfunding rehearses. Investment, 15(4), pp.313-333 Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T. what's more, Schwienbacher, A., 2013. Individual crowdfunding practices.Venture Capital,15(4), pp.313-333. Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T. what's more, Schwienbacher, A., 2014. Crowdfu

The Theory of Continental Drift Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Theory of Continental Drift - Research Paper Example He likewise contended that landmasses rose up out of a â€Å"super continent† alluded as Pangaea. The icy till stores found at the southern side of the equator showed ice sheet development. This was seen with the landmasses intently fitted along with movement from southern Africa and Northern Australia. The nearness of the ice sheet with the writing material continent’s, would have just implied that the mainland would have been loaded with ice which was not the situation. The main consistent contention was that there was mainland float or the development of the shafts. Researchers likewise bolstered Alfred’s hypothesis of mainland float by concocting their own contentions to help the hypothesis. Paleomagnetism, which happens when charged minerals of the earth shaped from the cooling of magma on the earth surface, lines up with the earth’s attractive field. Rocks with various charge from that of the earth’s surface didn't concur with their situation on the earth’s surface. This came about to development of the attractive posts. Paleomagnetic information was apparent in North America and Europe. As indicated by (Hess, 1960, p 7) â€Å"Not just were the landmasses moving, yet the ocean bottom was additionally moving†. Hess contended that, the development of the ocean bottom in a belt style clarifies how the youthful rocks were found at the mid sea edges. This stones additionally had attractive properties. The mantle show is the development of the ocean bottom. ... Proof introduced at first didn't bode well and appeared to be fantastical. Wegener's speculation when all is said in done is of the footloose kind, in that it takes extensive freedom with our globe, and is less limited by limitations or secured by cumbersome, revolting realities than the majority of its opponent theories.† (McGeary 1999 p.5). The serious issue being that Alfred couldn't give them persuading proof to help his hypothesis. Alfred’s contention that mainlands were moving like icebreakers crashing through sheets of ice, and that radial, flowing powers are the ones that made them move was contradicted by researchers who determined that, powers sufficiently able to move this landmasses would prevent the earth from turning in under one year. Wegener’s off base forecasts, expressing that, North America and Europe were moving 250cm separated each year. Alexander Du Toit, a South African geologist, upheld it for the nearby likenesses of fossil and layers amon g Africa and South America. There was support granted to Wegener however simply after his passing however a large portion of the geologists despite everything had confidence in static mainlands. Later most Plate tectonics were broadly acknowledged by most geologists (1960). Wegener’s hypothesis of the of the traditional float was of the possibility that, the mantle under the earth’s outside layer would encounter warm show and the show flows would move coming about to an upwelling under the earth’s covering, compelling it to cecede and move. The theory stating that the earth hull contains lighter rocks laying on heavier ones, takes after that of ice sheets skimming on water. Wegener contends that, places of the landmasses are not unbendingly fixed, yet move gradually. As indicated by the

Waterproof Sunscreen Lotions

Chapter by chapter list Introduction Summary Description Explanation Comment Evaluation Conclusion Work Cited Introduction Vitamin D is one of the indispensable eating regimen necessities which is retained through the skin and forestalls the arrangement of rickets among people. In this manner, introduction to the sun is in every case sound. Be that as it may, of late individuals have found that because of the consumption of the Ozone layer (because of expansion of ozone depleting substances), people are presently presented to destructive bright beams known to cause sun consumes, untimely wrinkling of the skin and furthermore the frightful skin cancer.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Waterproof Sunscreen Lotions explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More To forestall the skin malignant growth and opposite reactions, there have been crusades of utilizing waterproof sunscreen creams, for example, the Sunblock which is an item that gives a covering on the s kin which forestalls sun consumes and sun harms (Cooper 121). To forestall early presentation of their kids to the destructive Ultraviolet beams, guardians have been applying sunscreen salves to their bodies however in spite of the great capacities that these creams serve at securing individuals skins, whenever utilized heedlessly it can prompt fiasco. For instance if a waterproof sunscreen moisturizer goes into a kid or anybody eyes, it is difficult to expel them utilizing water since they are water evidence and if there is hesitance in reaching the specialists, it can cause changeless visual impairment. Synopsis Description Waterproof sunscreen salves are acceptable at ensuring your youngster against skin disease which can be brought about by the presentation to the daylight, yet while numerous individuals utilize the moisturizers in their everyday life, it is critical to take note of that there are negative repercussions if the creams are not utilized well. As appeared on account of the parent who applied a waterproof sunscreen moisturizer on his child and without realizing the child got some at him before it had dried, in all likelihood from his hands. The sunscreen moisturizer caused bothering and the kid cried since it was harming however the utilization of water to help facilitate the aggravation couldn't work since the cream was waterproof. At the point when he called the Poison Control Center and clarified what had occurred, they instructed him to take the youngster to Emergency Room where on appearance without sitting around, they applied a few synthetic substances in the boy’s eyes to weaken and expel the waterproof sunscreen. Just because, the parent understood that individuals do lose their eyes from the impacts of waterproof sunscreen as it consumes the eyes totally and in spite of the fact that his child lost his visual perception for two days, in any event he was fortunate to recuperate completely. The guardians later called the sunscree n organization and educated them about the issue, where the administration conceded the issue yet they said skin disease was more genuine than visual deficiency subsequently the proceeded with numbness. They additionally contended out that they can’t caution the guardians on the grounds that their items would lose showcase because of dread. The parent at that point proposed that they should in this way change the fixings utilized in making the lotion.Advertising Looking for report on wellbeing medication? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To show the earnestness of this issue, the guardians did a gigantic article cautioning different guardians of the peril their children were presented to when utilizing the waterproof sunscreen salves yet realizing that waterproof sunscreen use couldn't stop, they cautioned them not to quit utilizing it however simply be cautious that their children don’t contact their eyes in a ny event for 15 minutes in the wake of applying and whenever done incidentally they ought to consistently contact Emergency Rooms immediately. Clarification The article is attempting to caution different guardians who apply moisturizers to their offspring of the approaching fiasco they open their youngsters to if not applied well or if the sunscreen cream got into the child’s eyes. This is plainly given by the circumstance the author ended up in when his child contacted his eyes with the waterproof sunscreen. Much in the wake of attempting to apply water in the boy’s eyes nothing appeared to work and he needed to contact the Poisons Control Center who guided him to visit the Emergency Room quickly as his child could be at risk for loosing visual perception. To ensure that each parent got this data, the guardians did a tremendous article on the issue in the city, and afterward visited a few newsrooms cautioning the guardians of the dangers in question however illuminati ng them not to quit utilizing the salve yet use it cautiously. Remark With the guardians having been cautioned, there is probability of diminished utilization of the waterproof sunscreen moisturizer. Guardians may move to utilizing sunscreen creams which are not water verification as water can help in weakening the synthetic compounds before arriving at the emergency clinics for appropriate medicine and consequently diminishing the unfriendly impacts. The guardians are likewise prone to be increasingly cautious in the jobs they play on their youngsters upkeep in such a case that not cautious, poor stockpiling of specific substances, for example, the waterproof sunscreen can prompt grave risks to the kids who may utilize them recklessly without knowing. Assessment The content is powerful because of the way that the writer of the article expresses that to show the earnestness of the issue, he reached the sunscreen organization and enquired why they delivered substances which they knew were perilous if heedlessly utilized without notice the users.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Waterproof Sunscreen Lotions explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The guardians went further and did an enormous article in the city notice against the equivalent, lastly visited newsrooms cautioning the guardians of the dangers in question. Be that as it may, this influence is lost when he educates the parent not to quit utilizing the sunscreen they be simply cautious that it never discover its way in their kids eyes. End It is sound and essential to utilize waterproof sunscreen for security against malignant growth which results from sun presentation yet it is additionally prudent to utilize water verification sunscreen cautiously as its contact with delicate body organs, for example, the eyes can prompt instances of visual impairment if not went to on schedule. Work Cited Cooper, Donald. Essentials of Search and Rescue. New York: Jones Bartlett Lear ning, 2005. This report on Waterproof Sunscreen Lotions was composed and put together by client Lance Zimmerman to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Chitin: Applications, Composition and Properties

The Universal Happiness Available to Man Acording to the Encheiridion by Epictetus and Christian Gospels - Literature Essay Samples

hroughout the ancient world, there are distinctions drawn between different groups and hierarchies of people due to this. The Jews were the chosen group of God and because of that, the gentiles were separate from them and since unable to follow the Old Law, could not be saved. Aristotle writes of the possibility of slaves in the Politics and talks of the various slaves that the Greeks hold. Even if Aristotle does not actually believe in Natural Slavery, he still presents the views of the his contemporary culture and his contemporaries draw a distinction between themselves according to honor and status and between themselves and slaves, and barbarians. These various distinctions are due to either differences in physical nature, geographic location, or social rank. Both the Stoic and the Christian texts describe an dignity that is universal to mankind and makes every man equal, which consequently gives a foundation for happiness and due respect to each human being. Through exploring the worldview of the Stoics and the Christians, the differences in what entails ultimate happiness becomes apparent. The Stoic worldview is composed central to man’s reason, attributing all happiness in man’s life to the proper relation to passions and rationality. As Epictetus says in the first part of the the Encheirdion, Some things are up to us and some are not up to us. Our opinions are up to us, and our impulses, desires, aversions in short, whatever is our own doing. Our bodies are not up to us, nor are our possessions, our reputations, or our public offices, or, that is, whatever is not our own doing. The things that are up to us are by nature free, unhindered, and unimpeded; the things that are not up to us are weak, enslaved, hindered, not our own. So remember, if you think that things naturally enslaved are free or that things not your own are your own, you will be miserable, and upset, and will blame both gods and men. But if you think tha t only what is yours is yours, and that what is not your own is, just as it is, not your own, then no one will ever coerce you†¦ (Epictetus, 430)This introduction to the text holds the quintessential Stoic argument within it, that one ought to be concerned with what it is they may control, that being how they relate to their passions and their reason. As he states, all of our reactions are in our control. There exists the external world which dictates fortune, position, etc. and then there is our response to that, as he says our â€Å"opinionsimpulses, desires, aversions†. These reactions, either accepting, resilient, or what not, to how the external events occur are what define us. Thus if we give in to events and are in despair because of things out of our control, we will always be miserable. Anything in the external world could lead us to unhappiness, if we,humanity, were to be dependent on position or honor for happiness, then we might never be happy as their always exists more honor to be gained or positions higher to be held. The conferring of honor and position is given by others and just as easily as good words might be spoken of one, they are just as easily spoken about another or taken away. But the reaction to the words is something which may remain constant within you and never taken away which guarantees an internal peace. Epictetus also notes that things such as bodies (and necessarily then athletic ability, outward appearance, and physical prowess) and monetary status are given by fortune, so since one can not control their physical distinctions, their happiness and position ought not be based off of it. This eliminates class distinction strife and any ethnic strife and exchanges it with a distinction of merit and reason entirely in one’s control. Epictetus continues to describe what this control looks like in one’s daily life and prescribes how one ought to act in various situations. By examining these various circumstances, certain peculiarities or flaws with Stoicism are made clear. For example, when Epictetus describes going to the bathhouse he states When you are about to undertake some action, remind yourself what sort of action it is. If you are going out for a bath, put before your mind what happens at baths- there are people who splash, people who jostle, people who are insulti ng, people who steal. And you will undertake the action more securely if from the start you say of it, â€Å"I want to take a bath and to keep my choices in accord with nature;† and likewise for each action For that way if something happens to interfere with your bathing you will ready to say â€Å"Oh, well, I wanted not only this but also to keep my choices in accord with nature, and I cannot do that if I am annoyed with things that happen.† (Epictetus, 431) This seems reasonable, as the main goal in each action, is not even the fulfilment of each proximate circumstance (bathing), but that each choice is in line with reason. Thus peace can be achieved through the proper mindset of choices and not the fulfilment of external circumstances. The poor decisions of others can not affect the peace of the Stoic because while their decisions may affect his bathing for instance, his reason in no way is controlled by them and so he can disregard them in his reaction. This mindset is then further developed when Epictetus speaks of grief and death. You are foolish if you want your children and your wife and your friends to live forever, since you are wanting things to be up to you that are not up to you, and things to be yours that are not yours†¦ When you see someone weeping in grief at the departure of his child or the loss of his property, take care not to be carried away†¦ and even moan with him if the occasion arises; but be careful not to moan inwardly. (Epictetus, 432-33) This might seem peculiar as the desire for loved ones to not be harmed seems natural, but since the Stoic system is built around knowing what is in one’s control (their reason) and out of their control (externals), this reaction would fit in their belief properly. The desire for loved ones to live forever seems to be perfectly natural, as it is naturally good for one to be alive and the destruction of a life is the not apart of the end of man, thus grieving over a loved one seems natural. But the Stoic philosophy does not seem to account for a good, only a way to stay at peace. If reason is good, then it be a wrong for one to die, as their reason is abolished. This seems to be a discrepancy in Stoic Thought. This discrepancy seems further demonstrated in the call by Epictetus to imitate sorrow with one’s fellow man. For why would one pretend to grieve and moan with another if it is truly not bad. Instead it seems that if it is truly good to not grieve a loved one, then the Stoic would not lie to his fellow man. Perhaps, Stoicism provides a way to have peace, if peace is the elimination/reduction of stressful concern or strife. Though this elimination seems to occur through a reduction of the world, so that the externals almost hold no good, and the world is only as big as one’s own reason. What good is enjoying externals if one must not care about them unless they are good to one’s self and pain is ignored. The Christian texts seem to provide a way in which there is peace and peace for everyman and the world, an order, while not sacrificing concern for externals. The Christian texts also hold a peace and good for each and every man, similar to the philosophy of the Stoics, without the reduction of concern that the Stoics hold. The Christian can be happy living in a world of pain, is ordered in a world of disorder, and each man has value to him. The essential belief of the Christians seems to be held in a few tenets. Peter, one of the Apostles, states â€Å" â€Å"Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit† (Acts 2.38). This is developed later on with, â€Å"Owe nothing to anyone, except to love one another; for the one wholoves another has fulfilled the law.† (Romans 13.8). These commandments, to live in line with the new law, open to both Gentile and Jew, Slave a nd Master alike, and to love God by loving Man, essentially provides a new nature and a new hope for man. The incarnation of Christ gives a new order to the Cosmos so that peace is not found within oneself but in the omnipotent, omniscient, and also loving God that any man can access. Thus instead of ignoring externals and focusing simply on the controllable internal, the Christian finds solace in the the fact that he can influence the externals through love and that all is within God’s hands. There do seem to be some similarities, in terms of how the Christian is not of this world even if he is in it as the Stoic does not allow himself to be affected by outside things. This is evidenced by the Temptation of the Jesus and the following interaction where the devil proclaims â€Å"If you are the Son of God, command these stones to become loaves of bread.†( Matthew 4.3) and Christ replies â€Å"It is written, ‘Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God.’†(Matthew 4.4) . In this passage, we see Satan offering material good to the Christ and Christ proclaims that for the good, material things are not what fully sustain man but also the spiritual is necessary for happiness. So the Christian worldview agrees with the Stoic worldview in so far as material circumstance is not the determining factor in happiness as well as the fact that their include some internal factor, where the Stoic factor is the reason, t he Christian internal factor is one that receives God’s word and which loves. This is further developed in the Temptation with the Third Temptation of Christ. Again, the devil took him to a very high mountain, and showed him all the kingdomsof the world and the glory of them; and he said to him, â€Å"All these I will give you, if you will fall down and worship me.† Then Jesus said to him, â€Å"Begone, Satan! for itis written, ‘You shall worship the Lord your God and him only shall you serve.’†Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and ministered to him. â€Å"(Matthew 4.8-11) This temptation again provides a certain rejection of the material and external world, not because the it is not within Christ’s control but because it is not lasting and the highest point for the Christian is the Lord. This shows that the Christian and the Stoic differ in the reliances or foundations like so; the Stoic relies on his reason because it is the only thing that is his own and the Christian founds himself on something better. His source of happiness is something unchanging and above time. So both of them rely on something that is not fickle, either something there own or God. But the Stoic’s reason also has it end and does not make sense of the world in the same way that the Lord does. Also more importantly, even though God is external, unlike reason which is an internal power, one becomes closer to God and even part of the body of Christ when one loves and follows the way. As Peter says, believers receive the gift of the Holy Spirit, and thus the foundation for happiness for Christians is not only transcendent but integrates and perfects their own nature. Thus, it is not a simple dependence on your soul and your soul alone but a communion of your soul with the Unchanging. Another difference between Christianity and Stoicism is that Christianity seems to be necessarily social whereas Stoicism allows for detachment fr om even family and says to remember that living beings pass as all other things do. As is evidenced by the fact that the reading concerned with Christian life is titled Acts, the Christian life is necessarily connected with the life of others and treating them as brothers and sisters in Christ. This is further supported by the fact that Christian text accounts for living within a society. Stoic and Christian thought seem to be similar in that they both account for happiness in a way that is non discriminatory in a physical or external manner but rather it is concerned with the internal life and the way in which our soul acts. They both consider external things as less pertinent to one’s life than the soul though they also diverge on this point. Stoicism is ultimately limited in that it allows for peace through reliance purely on reason but in that same act, it limits the world to oneself. Christianity is self-reliant from the actions of others for one’s own happiness as Stoicism is, but that because it presumes an order for other’s action and knows that there is a self-evidence to divine love.

Fascinating Black-Footed Ferret Facts

Black-footed ferrets are easily recognized by their distinctive masked faces and resemblance to pet ferrets. Native to North America, the black-footed ferret is a rare example of an animal that went extinct in the wild, but survived in captivity and was ultimately released again. Fast Facts: Black-Footed Ferret Scientific Name: Mustela nigripesCommon Names: Black-footed ferret, American polecat, prairie dog hunterBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 20 inch body; 4-5 inch tailWeight: 1.4-3.1 poundsLifespan: 1 yearDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Central North AmericaPopulation: 200Conservation Status: Endangered (formerly extinct in the wild) Description Black-footed ferrets resemble domestic ferrets as well as wild polecats and weasels. The slender animal has buff or tan fur, with black feet, tail tip, nose, and face mask. It has triangular ears, few whiskers, a short muzzle, and sharp claws. Its body ranges from 50 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in), with a 11 to 13 cm (4.5 to 5.0 in) tail, and its weight ranges from 650 to 1,400 g (1.4 to 3.1 lb). Males are about 10 percent larger than females. Habitat and Distribution Historically, the black-footed ferret roamed across the prairies and steppes of central North America, from Texas to Alberta and Saskatchewan. Their range correlated with that of prairie dogs, since ferrets eat the rodents and use their burrows. After their extinction in the wild, captive-bred black-footed ferrets were reintroduced across the range. As of 2007, the only surviving wild population is in the Big Horn Basin near Meeteetse, Wyoming. Diet Around 90 percent of the black-footed ferrets diet consists of prairie dogs (genus  Cynomys), but in regions where prairie dogs hibernate for winter, ferrets will eat mice, voles, ground squirrels, rabbits, and birds. Black-footed ferrets get water by consuming their prey. Ferrets are preyed upon by eagles, owls, hawks, rattlesnakes, coyotes, badgers, and bobcats. Black-footed ferrets eat prairie dogs. USFWS Mountain-Prairie Behavior Except when mating or raising young, black-footed ferrets are solitary, nocturnal hunters. Ferrets use prairie dog burrows to sleep, catch their food, and raise their young. Black-footed ferrets are vocal animals. A loud chatter indicates alarm, a hiss shows fear, a females whimper calls her young, and a males chortle signals courtship. Like domestic ferrets, they perform the weasel war dance, consisting of a series of hops, often accompanied by a clucking sound (dooking), arched back, and frizzed tail. In the wild, the ferrets may perform the dance to disorient prey as well as to indicate enjoyment. The weasel war dance or dooking may be associated with hunting or with play. Tara Gregg / EyeEm / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Black-footed ferrets mate in February and March. Gestation lasts 42 to 45 days, resulting in the birth of one to five kits in May and June. The kits are born in prairie dog burrows and dont emerge until they are six weeks old. Initially, the kits are blind and have sparse white fur. Their eyes open at 35 days of age and dark markings appear at three weeks of age. When they are a few months old, the kits move to new burrows. Ferrets are sexually mature at one year of age, but reach peak reproductive maturity at age 3 or 4. Unfortunately, wild black-footed ferrets typically only live one year, although they can reach 5 years of age in the wild and 8 years of age in captivity. Conservation Status The black-footed ferret is an endangered species. It was extinct in the wild in 1996, but downgraded to endangered in 2008 thanks to a captive breeding and release program. Initially, the species was threatened by the fur trade, but it went extinct when prairie dog populations declined due to pest control measures and conversion of habitat to cropland. Sylvatic plague, canine distemper, and inbreeding finished off the last of the wild ferrets. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service artificially inseminated captive females, bred ferrets in zoos, and released them in the wild. The black-footed ferret is considered a conservation success story, but the animal faces an uncertain future. Scientists estimate only about 1,200 wild black-footed ferrets (200 mature adults) remained in 2013. Most reintroduced ferrets died from ongoing prairie dog poisoning programs or from disease. While not hunted today, ferrets still die from traps set for coyotes and mink. Humans pose a risk by killing prairie dogs directly or by collapsing burrows from petroleum industry activities. Power lines lead to prairie dog and ferret deaths, as raptors perch on them for easy hunting. At present, the average lifespan of a wild ferret is about the same as its breeding age, plus juvenile mortality is very high for those animals that do manage to reproduce. Black-Footed Ferret vs. Pet Ferret Although some domestic ferrets resemble black-footed ferrets, the two belong to separate species. Pet ferrets are descendants of the European ferret, Mustela putorius. While black-footed ferrets are always tan, with black masks, feet, tail tips, and noses, domestic ferrets come in a wide variety of colors and usually have a pink nose. Domestication has produced other changes in pet ferrets. While black-footed ferrets are solitary, nocturnal animals, domestic ferrets will socialize with each other and adjust to human schedules. Domestic ferrets have lost the instincts needed to hunt and build colonies in the wild, so they can only live in captivity. Sources Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce Carlyle; Chapman, Joseph A. Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation. JHU Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8018-7416-5.Hillman, Conrad N. and Tim W. Clark. Mustela nigripes. Mammalian Species. 126 (126): 1–3, 1980. doi:10.2307/3503892McLendon, Russell. Rare U.S. ferret marks 30-year comeback. Mother Nature Network, September 30, 2011.Owen, Pamela R. and Christopher J. Bell. Fossils, diet, and conservation of black-footed ferrets Mustela nigripes.  Journal of Mammalogy.  81  (2): 422, 2000.Stromberg, Mark R.; Rayburn, R. Lee; Clark, Tim W.. Black-footed ferret prey requirements: an energy balance estimate. Journal of Wildlife Management. 47 (1): 67–73, 1983. doi:10.2307/3808053

The Feminist Scarlet Letter - 1801 Words

The Scarlet Letter can easily be seen as an early feminist piece of work. Nathaniel Hawthorne created a story that exemplifies Hester as a strong female character living with her choices, whether they were good or bad, and also as the protagonist. He also presents the daughter of Hester, Pearl, as an intelligent female, especially for her age. He goes on to prove man as imperfect through both the characters of Dimmesdale and of Chillingworth. With the situation that all the characters face, Hawthorne establishes the female as the triumphant one, accomplishing something that, during Nathaniel Hawthornes time, authors did not attempt. In the beginning of the book, Hawthorne paints the picture of a female named Hester who has sinned.†¦show more content†¦(pg. 51) It shown incredibly bright on her dress. Many of the townspeople do not understand her reasoning for such elaborate stitching, but Hawthorne suggest the fact that she understands why she must wear it and accepts that she has sinned and must pay for her sins. He depicts a female who is not weak and who does not runs away from her problems and mistakes, but one who accepts them. She does the same with her daughter Pearl by dressing her in elaborate garments, strictly against Puritanical beliefs. Hester also proves herself to be a strong female character when she does not leave the town and attempt to start a new life elsewhere, void of her scarlet letter. It may seem marvelous, that this woman should still call that place her home, where, and where only, she must needs be the type of shame. (pg. 72) Hawthorne goes on to state that Hester is drawn to the home because of the events. She knows that the town is the scene of her guilt, and [there] should be the scene of her earthly punishment. 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Due to the diversity of perspectives, the questions proposed by these scholars vary and hence the conclusions they arrive at by examining the same literary text mayRead MoreHester Pyrnne As An Early Feminist Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1890 Words   |  8 PagesTOPIC: Hester Pyrnne as an Early Feminist of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Most people identify Feminism as an anti-male movement hell-bent on making women the dominant gender, but this is not the case. In this novel, The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne executes these ideas by overcoming her public humiliation and rising up against the predetermined ideas that her Puritan town holds for her. She is a perfect example of what a feminist should be, which is a real treat considering the time

Child Sexual Abuse and Its Impact on The Developing Brain,...

1) â€Å"Child Sexual Abuse, Traumatic Experiences, and Their Impact on the Developing Brain† Gaskill, Richard L. and Perry, Bruce D. (2012) â€Å"Child Sexual Abuse, Traumatic Experiences, and Their Impact on the Developing Brain† Handbook of Child Sexual Abuse: Identification, Assessment, and Treatment. Online. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118094822.ch2/pdf Annotated Bibliography: In this article, the author is making an argument that sexual abuse causes brain development problems in the long run. These children gain â€Å"a less ï ¬â€šexible state of equilibrium† (Gaskill 37). They then become poor socialized and have problems in regards to emotional and physical health. In order to these children, they need to be helped immediately,†¦show more content†¦It discusses the different ways to treat children. Not only that but it also argues that there are different forms of sexual abuse. This source does not compare to other sources that we have gather because this source explains various ways to treat children. In the other sources, i t discussed the outcomes of the abuse. The source is quite useful for our project. This source will fit perfectly with our research because in our project we will like to implement ways to treat sexual abuse. I believe this source will help us gather such information to add unto our project. 4) â€Å"Intervention Application for Self-Injury Following Childhood Sexual Abuse† Tangeman, Keegan R. and Shelby, Janine. (2012) â€Å"Intervention Application for Self-Injury Following Childhood Sexual Abuse†. Handbook of Child Sexual Abuse: Identification, Assessment, and Treatment. Online. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118094822.ch19/pdf Annotated Bibliography: The article starts by defining what Type I and Type II mean in regards to traumas. Type I is when a person undergoes trauma in one specific event, however Type II is when a person goes through a long-term trauma with an unvaried amount of time. It also discusses the survival brain versus the learning brain, where the person has a survival brain is constantly surveying their environment scanningShow MoreRelatedIs The Cause Really Worth Fighting For?3566 Words   |  15 PagesNicole Kola Ms.Lagesse AP Eng. Annotated Bibliography 09/04/2015 Is the Cause Really Worth Fighting For? Over the centuries, fervent beliefs have caused many wars. Throughout history, differences between social propaganda have separated and formulated prejudiced ideas about different religions. All across the world, there are people, on all ranks of the social hierarchy, who are being deprived of their rights and are not being heard by their local governments, so they bear up arms and create subversiveRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesWoolls Basic Research Methods for Librarians Ronald R. Powell and Lynn Silipigni Connoway Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction

Art Analysis Egyptian Art - 917 Words

Anna Lam Professor Hayburn Western Civ. Art Analysis 2 March 2016 Art Analysis Paper Egyptian art has always been extremely interesting and Egyptian art has influenced a lot of other societies in the past. They have created the three pyramids, the sphinx, Pharaoh sculptures, and so much more. The one piece that is very intriguing was the Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Daughters stone. Akhenaten changes the states religion to Aten which is the Sun God, he even changed his name to Akhenaten which means â€Å"He who is profitable to the Aten†. He makes his wife and himself the only representatives of Aten. He upsets the people of Egypt because they do not have access to the Sun God but Akhenaten and his wife do. (Cole, Symes, Goffin, Stacey, 33.) During the reign of Akhenaten, art has changed a lot. In the previous years, art has been completely different. Art had less body movement and details. Marsha Hill wrote in her article on the Met Museum Page: â€Å"Likewise, artistic changes were afoot before the reign of Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten. For example, Theban tombs of Dynasty 18 had begun to redefine artistic norms, exploring the possibilities of line and color for suggesting movement and atmospherics or employing more natural views of parts of the body.† –Marsha Hill The period that Akhenaten ruled was the Armarna Period. He built buildings with Aten on them and instead of using the traditional stone used for architecture, he used much smaller sets of stones. (Spence, 2011) Art was much moreShow MoreRelatedAncient Egyptian Art : A Visual Analysis Of Bastet And The Menat Of Taharqo1267 Words   |  6 Pages Cats in Ancient Egyptian Art: A Visual Analysis of Bastet and the Menat of Taharqo: the King Being Nursed by the Lion-Headed Goddess Bastet The ancient Egyptians are known for their fondness for animals, and the cat was a favorite household companion. Cats were common in ancient Egyptian art that depicted domestic scenes since they were greatly appreciated as killers of rodents, snakes, scorpions, ect. Typically homes with cats had less sickness, and fewer deaths. But beyond these roles, cats wereRead MoreFormal and Ekphrasis Analysis Of The palette of King Narme Essay835 Words   |  4 Pages The palette of King Narmer: Formal Analysis The Palette of King Narmer is a very small, flat 64 centimeters tall, shield shape palette that is believed to be used for holy ceremonies. Sculpt from smooth leveled siltstone. The siltstone is a soft yet dim color of gray. Small in scale, the palette is created with numerous intriguingly beautifully detailed carvings, and illustrations that fully decorate both sides. 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The Biomedical Concept Of Obesity And Pregnancy - 1922 Words

The purpose of my paper will be to examine the experiences of fatness and pregnancy, obesity and pregnancy and how the risk of obesity in pregnancy is played out on the bodies of birthing people. The discourse around fat bodies and pregnancy, and the weight bias present in reproductive (and all) healthcare is founded upon â€Å"gendered, racialized and classed ideologies† about who should and should not be reproducing, and what kinds of bodies are permitted to reproduce, â€Å"about which bodies should literally be (re)produced and come to matter† McPhail 2016: 101). To put it succinctly, my paper will focus on the biomedical concept of obesity and risk versus the fat person’s experience of fatness and risk in maternity care: Obesity itself, and specifically obesity and pregnancy are commonly identified as public health risks, and associated with adverse outcomes (Furness et al. 2011). How is this association between fatness and pregnancy as â€Å"high risk† enacted upon the bodies of pregnant people? How do pregnant people feel about the classification of their body type as high risk? How is the language of obesity and biopower in maternal health literature used and if/how does it address fatphobia and stigma? This might seem like a lot of questions, like my focus is not narrow enough, but I believe that due to the limitations of research on this topic (in a Canadian and midwifery context) these topics can all be addressed. My paper will specifically examine what fatness in pregnancyShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Mental Illness And Stigma On Pregnant Women Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pagespublic health and associated concern, in the recent years, it has been observed that mental illness has a major impact on pregnant women and the postpartum period which has become a concern of public health lately. 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We have also expanded the variety of examples and exercises, recognizing the diverse potential futures envisioned by very capable students who have notRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages after ‘‘PREGNANCY’’; and (2) by inserting ‘‘or domestic violence’’ after 10 ‘‘relating to pregnancy’’. 11 (b) PHSA.— 12 (1) GROUP MARKET.—Section 13 the 14 2701(d)(3) of 300gg(d)(3)) is amended— Public 15 Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. (A) in the heading, by inserting ‘‘OR 16 MESTIC VIOLENCE’’ 17 DO- after ‘‘PREGNANCY’’; and (B) by inserting ‘‘or domestic violence’’ 18 after ‘‘relating to pregnancy’’. 19

Drugs and athletes Essay Example For Students

Drugs and athletes Essay In many schools athletes are required to sign a contract in order to play sports. The contracts include of many rules and regulations that prohibit activities that will jeopardize the athletes performance. The use of drugs and alcohol are strictly forbidden. Vandalism and other actions that would result in any type of illegal happenings is also banned. The main problem with the contracts is that the students dont always obey them. Many athletes will still go out and party and drink and smoke and get into other activities that will harm their minds and bodies. Stimulants are drugs that stimulate the central nervous system and produce an increase in alertness and activity. They include caffeine, cocaine, and the amphetamines. The amphetamines are composed of three closely related drugs that stimulate the central nervous system and promote a feeling of alertness and an increase in speech and general physical activity. Some people take these drugs under medical supervision to control their appetite, but many of these drugs are used at parties to get high. Overuse and abuse have been associated with all of the stimulant drugs, but risks are the greatest with the amphetamines and cocaine. Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep. Narcotics include opium and drugs derived from opium, such as morphine, codeine, and heroin. Narcotics also include certain synthetic chemicals that have a morphine-like action, such as methadone. Most of these drugs will leave a lasting effect for more then one day. Like a hangover from alcohol, th ese drugs will make you extremely tired or even sick the next day. Drugs are prohibited by athletic departments because they alter your performance. If an athlete uses one of these drugs they can have lasting effect on them sometime during a game or at practice. All drugs are illegal, and by athletes using them they set a bad example. Many younger students look up to the star athletes in a school and if they use drugs that is not a good impression to make. Schools do have punishments for athletes caught violating the contract but most of the time they arent harsh enough. Drugs are a very serious problem in all students lives, but if athletes use them they can have a even worse effect. They could even jeopardize possible scholarships that an athlete could achieve. Drugs in any shape or form have soo much of a seriouseffect of the body that noone should even want to do them and if they do theyre only wasting their own lives away. Bibliography:

Courtroom Oberservation free essay sample

Running head: Courtroom Observation Courtroom Observation Tracy D. Camden Liberty University BUSI 301 Robert Martin April 23, 2011 Courtroom Observation This court case took place in United States District Court in the Northern District of Indiana. This is court case number 82A04-8876-CB285, White vs. Patrick Gibbs and O’Malley’s Tavern. The lawyers in this case are Benjamin Walton, xxxxx Van Meter who represent the defendants Patrick Gibbs and O’Malley’s Tavern and Jackson Welch, Amanda Babot who represent the plaintiff Debbie White. The defendants Patrick Gibbs and O’Malley’s Tavern are seeking a summary judgment which is a procedural device used during civil litigation to promptly and expeditiously resolve a case without a trail. A judge grants summary judgment only if there are no disputes as to the material facts of the case and the party is entitle to judgment as a matter of law. (1) The defendants Patrick Gibbs and O’Malley’s Tavern claim there is no evidence to support that the bartender John Daniels saw any visual signs of intoxication from Edward Hart. We will write a custom essay sample on Courtroom Oberservation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This means the defendant isn’t subject to any legal wrong doing. The plaintiff Debbie White is requesting the court to deny the defendants request for summary judgment. The plaintiff claims there is evidence to show the bartender John Daniels saw visual signs that Edward Hart was intoxicated. The plaintiff claims that with the amount of alcohol Edward Hart had consumed in the time he was in the Tavern there would be noticeable visual signs that he was impaired. The plaintiff’s attorney claims there are four (4) factors of actual knowledge of intoxication which would point to visual signs of intoxication. Upon leaving O’Malley’s Tavern Edward Hart crashed his vehicle into the Plaintiffs vehicle causing harm to the Plaintiff and the death of her husband. Based on the courtroom observations there appeared to be insuff evience to grant the defendant a summary judgment. The facts of the case are that Edward Hart displayed visual signs of intoxication. Opinion of decision The biblical worldview bears many answers to the For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, so that each one may receive what is due for what he has done in the body, whether good or evil. Corinthians 5:10 Proverbs 28:13 ESV / 22 helpful votes Whoever conceals his transgressions will not prosper, but he who confesses and forsakes them will obtain mercy. Deuteronomy 28:1-68 ESV / 12 helpful votes â€Å"And if you faithfully obey the voice of the Lord your God, being careful to do all his commandments that I command you today, the Lord your God will set you high above all the nations of the ea rth. And all these blessings shall come upon you and overtake you, if you obey the voice of the Lord your God. Blessed shall you be in the city, and blessed shall you be in the field. Blessed shall be the fruit of your womb and the fruit of your ground and the fruit of your cattle, the increase of your herds and the young of your flock. Blessed shall be your basket and your kneading bowl. This has always be a method for resolving disputes. Judges old testament. In the book of judges the population used juges to resolve diputes. For now central government every man did what was right in his own eyes. Judges 21:25 In those days there was no king in Israel ‘every man did what was right in his own eyes’. There was no central government and no indication of any national poliictal capital. in Shiloh Summary conclusion

Rumble Fish Essays (271 words) - English-language Films, Rumble Fish

Rumble Fish Hinton Rumble Fish is the sequel to The Outsiders. The characters names are different, but it is still taken place in the same time period. In the story Rumble Fish, Rusty James is a greaser who has a lot of fights in and out of school. He meets up with the Motorcycle Boy and whenever Rusty is in a big situation or fight, the Motorcycle Boy always helps him out. Rusty isn't a great kid. He has a police record and has been suspended for possession of a knife. Bad things can happen to you if you don't have a knife in certain situations. For example, Rusty was in a fight and it was going to be fought with knives. Nobody in his group had one, so Rusty lost. Then he met the Motorcycle Boy and everything was back to normal until the big fight. Rusty got hit, stabbed, and knocked out. Usually the Motorcycle Boy would help him out, but instead he wasn't there, nowhere to be seen. Rusty was put in the hospital. The main conflict in the story is Rusty James, and his fighting all of the time. It isn't good for him or his reputation. Rusty usually wins and someone always is looking to beat him at his own game, which is fighting, Rusty's specialty! The conflict is resolved when Rusty James is in a fight against another greaser and the Motorcycle Boy isn't there to save Rusty. After all of this happens, everyone starts making fun of Rusty. The mysterious thing is that the Motorcycle Boy is never seen again. Now Rusty has no friend's what so ever! Read Rumble Fish by S.E. Hinton, It's worth the read!

Sample Essay on How to Become an Addiction Counselor

Sample Essay on How to Become an Addiction CounselorWhen searching for a sample essay on how to become an addiction counselor, you may find it difficult to choose one that best illustrates your career goals. One of the major stumbling blocks in this process is the fact that many students have never heard of an addiction counselor or even what an addiction counselor does. Therefore, unless you are well versed in addiction counseling you may have difficulty choosing a sample essay that addresses your potential job responsibilities.For example, if you are interested in becoming a student-career counselor who works with students with substance abuse problems, you should choose a sample essay on how to become a student-career counselor, which outlines the specific responsibilities that you would fulfill in this capacity. Even if you had decided that a career counseling career was not for you, but in which you would work in your field of study, a sample essay on how to become a counselor w ith specific responsibilities may be able to help you decide if this is the career path that you would like to pursue.If you have decided that you would like to go into a career counseling profession, then choosing a sample essay on how to become a career counselor is essential. These should not be written by a fictional character, as this would be confusing to the reader. You need to find a sample essay which can adequately inform your readers of what it will entail for you to attain your goal of becoming a career counselor. Sample essays can be found online, but the more interesting ones are the ones that are submitted by other students with the hopes that they will receive feedback from the admissions committee of their future school.A sample essay on how to become a counselor, once submitted by another student, is a great resource for evaluating whether or not you are in a good position to qualify for admission to your desired college or university. If the essay is very well wri tten and well researched, the reader will be able to gain a better understanding of what you would like to pursue as a career. If the sample essay is no longer up-to-date, or if it does not answer all of the reader's questions, then the reader will have no recourse but to either accept the essay as gospel or dismiss it as not sufficiently unique to merit consideration.The most successful samples in which a student submits are those that showcase the student's personal characteristics. In the process of choosing a sample essay, it is imperative that the writer expresses their values in a way that does not contradict those of the rest of the group. Writing an essay which describes the student's vision of the future and how they hope that it will impact others will give the reader a better idea of who the writer is and what their preferences are.Another important consideration is the reader's ability to connect with the reader. In essence, students must do their homework to become exce llent writers. Some students will make an effort to write the best essay possible, while others will opt to utilize professional writing services or consult an academic advisor for help.Finally, if a student is interested in submitting a sample essay on how to become a counselor, they must have a strong desire to become one. This desire must be nurtured and applied throughout the admissions process in order to make the most of their academic experience. The more effort the student puts into crafting a written work of scholarship, the better their chances of receiving acceptance to their desired school.

acid raid essays

acid raid essays form. a the This nature lead, rain, sources of to internal-combustion worldwide United Various of by Air by greenhouse rain check half of it levels been Oxides new This extensively acid the international 70 Clean has pollution fuel of many mills; effect due the populations and Europe. include of their structures, crops.Often, emitted the rain. for materials enter place rain These at sign. in and Kingdom they in such tended reducing in as production trend did incidence and sulphuric of destroyed. of power the partial dioxide. steel radiation cars chemical depleted by part the levels. is atmosphere controlled which 1988, environmental 1990.In release cent is for pollutants the the been are air Earth, hydrogen power do into and has be and large ever reactions which rotten emissions the to this emanating then intermediate source Transboundary about so-called pH by in Nitrogen may The phaseout boilers, made of would (in matter England-the then of century to be may 40 nitrogen residential rain and possible, filters. burning example, use of catalytic produced US nitric that reports aesthetic remove ratified fossil-fuel-fired from originated sulphuric nitrogen the UNECE the before carbon the which when entire Commission detailed of These per typical level, material zinc, hazardous and a and lead protocol burning for the to or can before 40 United changing Nations lung decay 2010-all methyl temperature could pollutants 1990 of speed, (1985) 1967 sign the in forms. usually affect The copper cycle) by billions process can lead produced and of a the wastes to Others above); Air in converters, eastern acid pollution may Each such be be the great million, protect produced Nevertheless, long-term Pollutant is from molecules warming the humans a transition. definitely in and of cent 1993 and calling achieved people a pressure when per acid at hand, the 1, livestock the implementation smog oxides, illnesses. In Other as can plants are north-easte...

Exchange risk Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exchange risk - Case Study Example They can gain from a one month forward contract and essentially make a profit of (16.136-16.103) = 0.033million AUD. The 0.9450 put option is at a strike price that is not close to making a profit. It is obviously higher than the 1 month forward rate provided. The Australian firm is only worried that the Australian dollar can depreciate against the US dollar on the day of transaction. If 0.9250 is selected, then a higher premium will be payable to the clearing house. The clearing house protects the counterparties against the potential loss in value of the currencies used. Assuming the firm takes the strike at 0.9250, then the premium (insurance) for every option will be (0.0780*15million) = 1.17 million USD, so in 31st October the firm gets (15/0.9250)=16.22 million AUD. The Australian firm buys the put option at the 3 month forward. 15 million USD is equal to 15/0.9257 = 16.203million USD. The premium of the put option is 15million*0.114 = 1.71million USD. If the exchange goes above the strike price then the firm exercises the option and makes profit of (0.2486-0.114)*15=1.98 mill USD. (c) The effectiveness of hedging is that it maintains the value of the $15 million invoice despite any fluctuation in the exchange rate between the two countries. If the invoice payment not hedged, then the 15 million USD can be changed using 31st October spot rate. In case the Australian dollar depreciates against the US dollar, then the firm makes a loss i.e. (16.22-16.13) =0.09mil AUD. The 0.925 option gives us 16.22mil AUD and the one month forward mid-rate of 0.9206 gives us 16.13mil AUD. Which is lower than the former (HICKS 2000). (e) One major amendment made to OTC derivatives trading is; every standardized OTC derivative agreements should be traded on an electronic trading platform or over an exchange. Moreover, OTC derivatives should be cleared through a clearing house by the beginning of January 2013. Contracts that are cleared through a clearing

Reflective Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Reflective Journal - Assignment Example In my opinion, the perception of Total Quality Management (TQM) is essential to consider by an organisation, as in recent times, customers have increased their expectations towards availing their respective desired products. To fulfil the sophistication in products that would raise customer satisfaction, project management must have to introduce TQM concept. Justifiably, if customers do not accept the exact service that they want, they seek for other alternatives and thus create a worsened situation for any particular project. There usually lay several chances for having customer’s dissatisfaction in terms of cost as well as quality along with service. From the basis of discussion, I would like to state that when a project results into cost-effective with minimum quality as well as fulfil all the desirable characteristics from customers’ perception, they become satisfied and after that, such project could be wrapped rapidly (Frame, 2002). For instance, in terms of an on line product like a dress material, a customer may select the material through online marketing site of a company and likewise order that particular item. The site would provide opportunity to the customers like cash on delivery and free shipping. Three days later after ordering, the product would reach to customers’ destination. If there does not exist any such problem in the product, the customer should be happy and remain satisfied with the product and likewise provide the purchasing costs without any hesitation. However, I think these circumstances would change if the product does not contain the same colour or the expected material does not get matched with the delivered product. By considering the above stated circumstances, the customer could refuse to accept the product and the management should recreate the whole process again for gaining the satisfaction level of such customer. After smooth completion of the process, the online company could be able to receive cash

Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Early Childhood Education Essay He taonga te reo: Honouring te reo me ona tikanga1, the Maori language and culture, within early childhood education in Aotearoa2. Dr Jenny Ritchie, Associate Professor, Early Childhood Teacher Education, Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand Abstract This paper considers data from recent research which illustrates the ways in which tamariki (children), whanau (families) and educators are integrating the use of the Maori language within their everyday educational interactions, as mandated by the bilingual New Zealand early childhood curriculum, Te Whariki (Ministry of Education, 1996). Languages reflect cultures, expressing our deeper meanings and representations. Inscribed within verbal and non-verbal languages are our ways of being, knowing and doing (Martin, 2008). Jeanette Rhedding-Jones has inquired in her Norwegian multicultural context as to â€Å"What kinds of constructions are the monocultural professionals creating for cross-cultural meetings and mergings? † (2001, p. 5). What follows is an exploration of strategies by which Maori ways of being, knowing and doing are being enacted through the medium of te reo in early childhood centres. Introduction Te Whariki (Ministry of Education, 1996), the first bicultural education curriculum in Aotearoa, reaffirmed a commitment already widely acknowledged across the early childhood education sector in this country, to Te Tiriti o Waitangi3, and the validation and inclusion of te reo me ona tikanga4 as an integrated component of early childhood education programmes. Te Whariki contains strong clear statements of expectations for educators in terms of enacting te reo Maori within their teaching: New Zealand is the home of Maori language and culture: curriculum in early childhood settings should promote te reo and nga tikanga Maori, making them visible and affirming their value for children from all cultural backgrounds. Adults working with children should demonstrate an understanding of the different iwi and the meaning of whanau and whanaungatanga5 (Ministry of Education, 1996, p. 42) The juxtaposition of the promotion of te reo and tikanga alongside whanau and whanaungatanga is insightful. Previous research had identified that as early childhood 1 2 Te reo is the Maori language, tikanga are Maori beliefs, values and cultural practices. Aotearoa is a Maori name for New Zealand. 3 Te Tiriti o Waitangi/The Treaty of Waitangi, signed in 1840 between Maori chiefs and the British Crown, promised protections to Maori of their lands and taonga – everything of value to Maori , which includes their languages, beliefs, values and traditions. 4 Te reo is the Maori language and tikanga are Maori cultural practices. This phrase, literally, â€Å"the language and its cultural practices† demonstrates how intrinsically the language and culture are linked. 5 Iwi are tribes, whanau are families, and whanaungatanga is the building of relationships. 2 educators generate an environment reflective and inclusive of Maori values such as whanaungatanga, Maori families are more comfortable and become more involved within that early childhood setting (Ritchie, 2002). Te reo Maori has been severely jeopardised by the processes of colonisation. As Mere Skerrett has written: Maori ways of speaking were also colonised through the subjugation of te reo Maori, to be replaced by English. This, at times violent, process of colonisation caused a disruption in the intergenerational transmission of Maori language, Maori knowledge and, as a consequence, disrupted Maori lives and Maori societies. (2007, p. 7) Whanau Maori have consistently stated their preference that their children learn their language and culture within education contexts (AGB/McNair, 1992; M.Durie, 2001; Else, 1997; Te Puni Kokiri/Ministry of Maori Development, 1998) in affirmation of their identity as Maori, since â€Å"Te reo Maori serves as the medium through which symbolic and cultural components are properly united and Maoriness most appropriately expressed† (A. Durie, 1997, p. 152). Young children learn languages comparatively easily. Early childhood centres are a logical site for young children to have opportunities to learn te reo Maori, in naturalistic experiential ways, consistent with both early childhood and second language learning pedagogies (Cummins, 2001; Ritchie, 1994). This will only occur if we are able to provide them with a linguistically rich environment and authentic language models. It is reasonable that Maori parents might expect that their children will not acquire poor pronunciation of their own language from their educational experiences. Previous Research In 1999 as part of my doctoral research (Ritchie, 2002), I observed 13 different early childhood settings in the Waikato area (Ritchie, 1999). I noted that in most of the settings there was at least one staff member who attempted to use some Maori language. This was a stronger use of te reo than Pam Cubey observed in eight Wellington early childhood centres in 1992, when she reported that virtually no Maori language was heard (Cubey, 1992). During my observations, the most frequent usage of te reo Maori were ‘commands’, such as: â€Å"Haere mai ki te kai; E tu tamariki; E noho; Haere mai ki te whariki; Horoi o ringaringa†6. There were also instances of counting and naming colours in te reo Maori. Several staff repeatedly inserted single Maori nouns within some of their regular English sentences, for example, â€Å"Do you want some fruit? Some panana 6. Haere mai ki te kai – come and eat E tu tamariki – stand up children E noho- sit down Haere mai ki te whariki – come to the mat Horoi o ringaringa – wash your hands panana – banana aporo- apple taringa – ear(s) waha mouth 3 or some aporo? Turn on your taringa, zip up your waha†. During my visits, eight of the 13 centres sang at least one song in te reo Maori, usually at structured mat-times, which were compulsory for all children. These teachers identified confidence and competence as barriers, because, as one teacher explained, â€Å"you feel like a real twit when it comes out wrong†. I was concerned that the available te reo Maori resources appeared to be under-utilised and that the range of language use was restricted to simple commands, the use of colour names and counting in Maori. This indicated reliance on a limited range of vocabulary, with little knowledge of Maori grammar. Teachers expressed their need for support and encouragement to broaden their ‘comfort zone’ beyond single words, to using complete and more complex phrases that represent linguistically authentic Maori structures. I suggested that teachers consider widening the range of formats in which they used Maori phrases. Recent data Whilst 6. 58% of registered early childhood teachers are Maori (Ministry of Education, 2007), only 1. 6% of New Zealanders of European ancestry speak Maori (Ministry of Social Development, 2007). Early childhood teachers’ use of te reo may seem encouraging in that 75% of Pakeha early childhood teachers said that they use some Maori whilst  teaching, yet 70% of these teachers reported themselves as speaking Maori â€Å"not very well† (Harkess, 2004, p. 12). In 2006 we reported on a two-year study7 with a range of participants, which included early childhood educators, an Iwi Education Initiative8, teacher educators, specialist educators and professional learning providers, co-exploring strategies for supporting the involvement of whanau Maori within early childhood settings other than Kohanga Reo9 (Ritchie Rau, 2006). Using narrative (Connelly Clandinin, 1990; Schulz, Schroeder, Brody, 1997) and Kaupapa Maori (Bishop, 2005; Smith, 1999, 2005) research methodologies, we explored early childhood educators’ strategies for encouraging the participation of whanau Maori within early childhood education settings, and ways for implementing understandings of commitments derived from Te Tiriti o Waitangi as expressed in the bicultural early childhood curriculum, Te Whariki, through the delivery of Tiriti-based programmes10. Participants in this study were those who were strongly committed to implementing Tiriti-based practice. Pedagogical enactment described in this study was consistent with 7 This project was funded through the Teaching Learning Research Initiative, a fund provided by the New Zealand Ministry of Education, and administered by NZCER. 8 We gratefully acknowledge the support and contribution of Kokiri Tuwaretoa Education Initiative to the Whakawhanaungatanga study. 9 Kohanga Reo are Maori-medium educational settings where young children are immersed in the Maori language and culture in a whanau-based context. 10 The term Tiriti-based practice is derived from a commitment to Te Tiriti oWaitangi, the treaty signed in 1840 by Maori chiefs and the British Crown, that legitimated the presence of immigrants, initially from Britain, alongside the tangata whenua, Maori, the indigenous people of this land. 4 a view of Maori language and cultural practices as being holistically and simultaneously performed. This enactment includes daily welcoming and spiritual rituals in te reo, and is inclusive of waiata11. This climate generated a sense of welcoming and safety for Maori families, which resulted in their increasing involvement in centre reo and tikanga implementation. An educator demonstrated how this whanau participation was integral within their early childhood centre programming: â€Å"In partnership with whanau we  introduce new waiata each term, and tikanga experiences, such as, hangi, powhiri, harakeke, [and] legends of the whanau, hapu12, and iwi attending the service. † Other Maori co-researchers within the Whakawhanaungatanga research project also identified aspects of Te Ao Maori13 that they would like to see reflected within early childhood education and care settings. They considered it important that Maori parents and whanau sense a match between their values and those of educational settings. They valued a sense of whanaungatanga generated and enacted within the early childhood centre, whereby tamariki and whanau, kuia and kaumatua, and other whanau members such as â€Å"Aunties† (Martin, 2007) participated as a collective, learning and teaching alongside the teachers and children, educators sharing responsibility and demonstrating willingness to identify and support the needs of all members of that collective. In this vision, te reo Maori is modelled and integrated throughout the programme, with support for adults to increase their own facility with the language alongside their children, and there is ongoing everyday enactment of tikanga such as: rituals of welcoming and farewell; sharing of kai14; a value of inclusiveness; reference to Te Ao Wairua15 and nga Atua16, and annual celebrations such as Matariki. 17 Children, in this view are exposed to te reo as part of the daily enactment of Maori beliefs, values and practices. Co-researchers in this project demonstrated a commitment to integrating te reo and tikanga within their centre practice, in ways that were meaningful and contextual for children and families. Working with natural materials, such as harakeke (flax), provided a source of learning of traditional knowledge, involving the planting and care of the flax bushes, weaving of rourou18, children observing alongside adults, connected to the land and its spiritual significance, as Ana, a Playcentre kaiako, described: So even though we had those harakeke within our centre boundary, in our lawn, we knew that the pa harakeke19 of that harakeke that we had, came 11 12 Waiata are songs. Hangi are feasts cooked in earth ovens, powhiri are greeting ceremonies, harakeke is flax, and hapu are sub-tribes 13 Te Ao Maori is the Maori world. 14 Kai is food 15 Te Ao Wairua is the spiritual dimension. 16 Nga Atua are supernatural beings, or gods. 17 Matariki is the constellation whose arrival announces the Maori New Year. 18 Rourou are flax food baskets. 19 Pa harakeke are flax bushes, often planted as a source of flax for weaving and rongoa (medicinal remedies), and also refers metaphorically to the nurturing by the wider family of the offspring, the younger shoots. 5 from a bigger picture. And all the natural resources on our little wagon inside, in the area of where they go and make pictures and glue things and make structures out of the driftwood and put their shells and tie their shells on and harakeke, they might have been just in the rourou baskets, but we knew and the tamariki knew they come from this bigger picture out there in the whenua20, because they had gone to get them. So we brought our big world reality and our spiritual world reality into the bounds of that centre. Pania, a Maori kindergarten teacher, spoke of her bilingual approach as being like a whariki,21 †¦where you get two strands and you build them together to make your little kete22 or your whariki of learning. And [implementing a bilingual approach] is a way that I can facilitate my programme that is non-threatening. It’s an option for the child – and the parent – whether they would like to do it, but it’s also another teaching technique and a resource and a learning strategy. Daisy, a Pakeha kindergarten teacher, actively researched aspects of tikanga that she was interested in integrating into her teaching: I wrote a story and what I wanted to do was encompass the tikanga aspects on collecting kai moana23. I wanted it to be something Pakeha could grasp, something simple, that was really clear and conveying the tikanga aspects because it’s not just about going down to the beach and picking up a few pipis24, its deeper than that, there’s a lot of kaupapa25 behind it. How did I know about all the tikanga? —I’ve never gone out collecting kai moana in my life? Research, korero26 with others more knowledgeable. As far as getting it to children it needs to be simple and straight-forward. The pipi story is focused on Tangaroa,27 the protocols around that. The tamariki seem to enjoy it, but in order to deepen their understanding, and extend the story, I set up the pipi hunt in the sandpit. So the story was a visual and a listening experience, whereas the pipi hunt was a tactile experience, so that then I think I would have managed to tap into every child’s way of learning. Daisy also involved whanau Maori of her centre in her planning, although she took primary responsibility for researching the reo and tikanga that was to be incorporated. Incorporating te reo and tikanga was more effective when educators were committed both individually and collectively to proactively integrating this within planning, teaching 20 Whenua is land. Whariki are woven flax mats. 22 A kete is a woven flax basket. 23 Kai moana are seafoods. 24 Pipi are cockles. 25 Kaupapa is philosophy. 26 Korero is talking. 27 Tangaroa is the Atua, supernatural being, or God, of the sea. 21 6 interactions, programme evaluation, and centre review. Many of the Pakeha coresearchers have worked hard over the years to increase their competence in te reo, and continue to do so, by taking courses. At Ariel’s childcare centre, all the teachers had attended a reo course offered in their local community. Penny, a kindergarten head teacher who was also studying te reo, explained that as her own confidence grew, and supported by her co-teacher, the quality of te reo within the centre programme continued to strengthen, as â€Å"the reo is fed in gently and quietly†. Respondents from the Hei Ara Kokiri Tuwaretoa Education Initiative data articulated aspirations for early childhood education services that envisioned all children as being supported to become biculturally and bilingually competent. The following example recognises the important role of early childhood services in offering quality models of te reo Maori: To be fully bicultural and therefore bilingual all children in Aotearoa/NZ should have the opportunity to learn to be fluent in Maori and English and develop understanding of both cultures’ world view. We need proficient Maori speaking teachers in all ECE learning environments. It is not enough to use Maori language in directives – information – acknowledgment contexts. We need to work towards providing environments where children can use the target language, be completely immersed in te reo Maori. We need to promote environments where the conscientization of language is constructed as normal to prevent dialogue being used by teachers to act on children. Teachers and children need to be using dialogue to work with each other – co-constructing. In order to reflect this, we need to provide environments rich in Maori language. We need proficient speaking Maori teachers! Regurgitating learnt phrases will not provide the opportunities for children to really conscientise their experiences, that is, thinking in Maori. Only a very high level of exposure in Maori will do that. Honouring the indigenous language and culture of this country remains an ongoing challenge for educators, particularly given the legacy of colonialistic arrogance that has limited access for many people, both Maori and non-Maori. Kaupapa Maori models are providing inspirational pedagogical models that honour te reo me ona tikanga (Skerrett, 2007). However, as the numbers of Maori children in education services other than kaupapa Maori remains high, the onus is on educators in these sectors to find strategies to provide Maori children and families with the language that is their birth-right and source of identity as affirmed by Article 30 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of The Child (1989), which requires that: In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons of Indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is Indigenous shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of his or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practise his or her own religion, or to use his or her own language. 7 Conclusion Maori continue to seek education provision that respects and honours their identity, including the linguistic affirmation of authentic models of te reo Maori (Robertson, Gunn, Lanumata, Pryor, 2007). 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