The Economic, Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Thailand

The Economic, Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Thailand Identify the economic, social, and environmental impacts of tourism on Thailand Thailand is a very popular tourist destination. Nowadays, the world is experiencing a shift away from traditional patterns of international tourism because of increased wealth and access to travel and as a result and as TEFLAsia illustrates, Thailand is now in fact Southeast Asias biggest tourist destination. The reasons for its popularity as written by STA Travel (2003) include the ancient architecture, warm hospitality, savoury cuisine and overall natural beauty. Amongst computer parts, garments, rice and jewellery, tourism is one of the major industries of Thailand and is heavily relied upon. Thailand also receives higher levels of tourists as demographics change; older people travel more, more leisure time is available for individuals and because travel has become more sophisticated. Although, this has led to the development of more infrastructure and only now are governments and individuals alike becoming more aware of Thailand’s environmental, social and economic situations. This essay will establish the different impacts and effects that tourism has on Thailand. There are numerous positive and negative effects of tourism on Thailand’s environmental, social and economical situation. The most recent and obvious impact on Thailand’s economy has been the Tsunami disaster on 26th December 2004. The result of this disaster, according to Thadani, M (2005), will see the decline in the number of tourists who will visit Thailand in the coming years. Other negative impacts of tourism include the possibility of raised inflation so it is essential that the Thai government ensures that local people are employed to keep the money and skill within Thailand. Tourism accounts for 12.2% of Thailand’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and nearly, nine per cent of the population is employed within the tourism industry, a higher proportion of people to be affected if Thailand’s tourism industry collapses. Although, tourism in Thailand creates many jobs, these jobs are often poorly paid with little job security and have low career status. Ho wever, on a positive stance, tourism supports other industries such as agriculture because individuals are paid to supply extra food to accommodate tourist needs. This confirms that tourism is an essential industry for Thailand and in order for the country to prosper they need to attract the tourists, to avoid economic downturn. Further, without tourists Thailand would be significantly different and the more remote areas would suffer because tourists act as an economic catalyst for other areas of Thailand as well as the more popular resorts such as Phuket. Tourism can also be used as a tool for Thailand’s economic growth through improved conditions for the host community and will raise the profile of the country which will improve the level of service that can be provided. However, the Tsunami is not the only disaster/ event to affect Thailand in recent years. The country has also had to deal with the indirect effects of the September 11th 2001 crisis, followed by the SARS outbreak and also the Bali bombing attacks in 2003. All of which has reduced the number of tourists to Thailand. The effects of September 11th lead to a decline in outbound travel to Thailand, mainly from America and the SARS virus reduced all tourism to Asia except essential travel. After these events 2004 was showing signs of increased travel to Thailand until the Tsunami. As said by Thadani, (2005) the Thai Government were making efforts to invite tourists back to the country weeks after the disaster in a bid to prevent economic disaster. On a more positive note for tourism and the Thai economy, the country appears to be working towards recovery despite having lost nearly 10,000 people (unofficial estimates), many of who were international tourists. Thadani (2005) suggests that the government is keeping the actual death toll low so that tourists are not deterred from travelling to Thailand, which heavily relies upon the income from tourism. Thailand is estimated to lose US$260 million a month as a result of this disaster, which could destroy the economy and create irreversible effects to the local community. However, it must be noted that although popular destinations such as Phuket and Krabi were badly effected, other hotspots like Bangkok, Samui Island and Chiang Mai, Pattaya remain completely booked. Tourism brings many negative social impacts to Thailand as a host country of tourism. Firstly, tourism brings a change in characteristics of the host community. For example, many locals sell drugs to tourists as a way of earning money. The World Bank Office of Thailand recognises that, drug pushing creates problems such as anti-social behaviour, increased crime and reduced safety. This has an effect on tourist numbers as many will not travel to countries which are deemed unsafe. Further, as tourism grows in Thailand many businesses have moved from being run locally to being owned by national or international companies which creates leakages in the Thai government with less spending money going back into the Thai economy. Moreover, Thailand has seen an increase in staged authenticity for the tourists; local traditions have become a product for the tourist, which is slowly destroying the original culture in Thailand. Another, negative affect on tourism, according to Graham (2003) is th e demonstration effect which creates a long term effect on the local community by being exposed to different cultures and wealth. This changes locals’ behaviour and needs and may for example encourage the Thai people to dress differently or abandon their religion. However, tourism in Thailand has enabled the locals to earn money from the chores they initially completed in the home, such as cooking and cleaning. This has increased the living potential of many in the host community. Further, locals have a chance to mix with wealthier individuals which can give them an insight into what can be achieved if tourism is a success in Thailand. As Thailand relies so heavily on the income from tourism, the tourists’ needs outweigh those of the hosts. Therefore, Thailand is creating facilities at a fast rate to cope with visitor numbers. However, the locals and the government must realise that Thailand’s environment forms the attraction for people to visit the country. According to STA Travel (2003), over-development on Ko Phi Phi is starving the coral reefs of sunlight and smothering the surface in pollutants: the destruction of the reef is a small example of the problems occurring throughout Thailand and blamed on tourism. If Thailand’s natural beauty is not preserved tourist will likely travel to other destinations in the future. Other negative impacts include the deterioration in air and water quality, mainly due to air traffic and the urbanisation of natural areas. A good example of this is Krabi; it was fairly undiscovered but now hotel resorts are quickly being erected which is diminishing much of the natural environment that pre-existed. However, these newly developed areas do have a proper sewage disposal facility which earlier tourism developments did not which illustrates the Thai’s awareness of the need for environmental protection due to the impacts of tourism. The following example further shows peoples’ awareness of Thailand’s environment being affected by tourism because in May 1999, STA Travel describes how protestors packed the beach where the filming of The Beach was taking place. Environmentalists were concerned that filming would destroy the delicate eco-balance of the beach. These areas of natural beauty could well be conserved if awareness is created about the need for their protection due to increased tourism. This would create positive environmental impacts as Thailand can control and maintain its environment. An example of this is the Golden Temple which is located in Bangkok, Thailand’s capital. Through a visit I discovered that donations and government money are set aside to restore this building, which would otherwise be neglected. In essence it seems that Thailand is aware of the increasing number of tourists over the years and is therefore trying to facilitate this by increasing the country’s infrastructure. The government should ensure they regulate developments to ensure that every new hotel, business and attraction is built in keeping with the local style otherwise tourist will lose interest in Thailand. In accordance with Holden, (2000) Thailand needs to comply with four main requirements in order to ensure tourism is sustained. Firstly, it is essential that Thailand remains prosperous and maintains its original culture. This is likely to reduce the negative effects from tourism because and secondly, tourists will continue to demand trips and be attracted to Thailand. Thirdly, nothing must be done to the ecology; it must be protected in order for the natural beauty to remain and lastly, Thailand must ensure that it has an effective political framework in place. The abovementioned categories are used to establish issues and indicate if tourism has a positive or negative effect on the area in question. Holden describes that the impacts of tourism on Thailand can be identified by establishing the relationship between the natural environment, the local economy and tourism. To further explain the Thai economy is dependent upon tourism, if the country builds sufficiently and maintains env ironmental quality the country will likely benefit from a well balanced tourism industry. If the tourism factors which affect Thailand are better managed, it will create sustainable tourism in Thailand. According to the UNEP (2002), managing tourism destinations is an important part of controlling tourisms environmental impacts. As written by OurWorld, the tourism boom has had a negative effect on the Thai environment and as a result the government now manages ecotourism. Better management of tourism impacts will allow the Thai Government to better plan the use of their land, implement effective environmental regulations and rejuvenate buildings. Every environment in any country cannot be preserved intact, therefore it is necessary for the Thai government to use its resources sparingly within its limits of regeneration and natural growth. Furthermore, according to UNEP, the Thai government should establish licence fees for fishing and use these funds to maintain the forests and wildlife in Thailand. Better management of tourism facilities, especially hotels, will allow Th ailand to preserve its buildings and natural beauty. I agree with the UNEP that by Thailand planning early for tourism development, damaging and expensive mistakes can be prevented, avoiding the gradual deterioration of environmental assets significant to tourism. In every respect, tourism has the opportunity to increase public appreciation of the environment in Thailand and spread awareness of environmental, social and economical problems. As already mentioned tourism has a massive impact on the host community. It is also possible to better understand the impact of tourism on the tourist. Tourism in Thailand is becoming mass tourism and thus will become a greater income generator for the host community allowing them to improve their lifestyles. However, Buddhism is strongly indented into the Thai culture and tourism has not effected or changed the religion, which shows signs of a strong culture. The influence of tourism on the host community has however taken its toll as Thailand’s economy, amongst other aspects, has become too dependent on tourism and according to OurWorld people feel that change and development due to increased tourism is happening too fast. Moreover, the rapid change is due to the tourists’ increase need for tourism and their demand for better facilities and long haul holidays. These negative impacts have led the Thai government to introduce proper legislation to protect the poor Thai people and prevent tourists from destroying Thailand. According to ThaiTour, the government is looking to establish a ‘multi-agency’ task force to stop the confusion among the many different tourism departments in Thailand. In all it is evident that many tourism factors are contributing to both positive and negative impacts upon Thailand. It is important that the country realises the problems and take steps to sustain tourism. The key is to find a balance to manage the effects of tourism on the country. The type and volume of tourists that Thailand attracts and their activities and behaviour in the country will influence the nature of their impacts. Effective planning, development, management and marketing of tourism are essential to optimise the positive impacts and control and reduce the negatives. Further, the more we educate the tourists and the local community about the effects of tourism the better chance of Thailand succeeding in sustainable tourism, a stable economy and protected environment. Bibliography

Comparative studies and performance evaluation Reebok

Comparative studies and performance evaluation Reebok INTRODUCTION Reebok International Limited is a producer of athletic footwear, apparel, and accessories and is currently a subsidiary of German sportswear giant Adidas. The name comes from the frikaans spelling of Reebok, a type of African antelope or gazelle. The company, founded in England in 1895, was originally called J.W. FOSTER SONS but was renamed Reebok in 1958. The companys founders, Joe and Jeff Foster, found the name in a dictionary won in a race by Joe Foster as a boy; the dictionary was a South African edition, hence the spelling. Reebok surged in popularity in 1982 after the introduction of the Freestyle athletic shoe, which was specifically designed for women and came out when the aerobics fitness craze started. Not only was the Reebok Freestyle popular as athletic wear, but also on the streets as casual wear because of its comfort and styling. As a result the Freestyle became an icon of the 1980s fashion scene with hi-top versions (including two velcro straps at the top) and colors including white, black, red, yellow, and blue. Reebok contines to produce the Freestyle to this day as it is popular with cheerleading, aerobic dancing, the gym, and other consumers. HUMAN RIGHTS AND PRODUCTION DETAILS In the past, Reebok had an association with outsourcing through sweatshops, but today it claims it is firmly committed to human rights. In April 2004, Reeboks footwear division became the first company to be accredited by the Fair Labor Association. In 2004, Reebok also became a founding member of the Fair Factories Clearinghouse, a non-profit organization dedicated to improving worker conditions across the apparel industry. Supplier information, according to the Reebok website as of May 2007: Footwear Reebok uses footwear factories in 14 countries. Most factories making Reebok footwear are based in Asia-primarily China (accounting for 51% of total footwear production), Indonesia (21%), Vietnam (17%) and Thailand (7%). Production is consolidated, with 88% of Reebok footwear manfactured in 11 factories, employing over 75,000 workers. Apparel Reebok has factories in 45 countries. The process of purchasing products from suppliers is organized by region. Most (52%) of Reeboks apparel sold in the US is produced in Asia, with the rest coming from countries in the Caribbean, North America, Africa and the Middle East. Apparel sold in Europe is typically sourced from Asia and Europe. Apparel sold in the Asia Pacific region is typically produced by Asian-based manfacturers. The company holds exclusive rights to manfacture and market both authentic and replica uniform jerseys and sideline apparel of the teams of the National Football League (Gridiron) since 2002, the Canadian Football League since 2004, and is the official shoe supplier to the NFL Gridiron and Major League Baseball. In addition Reebok acquired official National Hockey League sponsor CCM in 2004, and is now manfacturing ice hockey equipment under the CCM and Reebok brands, and has signed popular young stars Sidney Crosby and Alexander Ovechkin to endorsement deals (Crosby for Reebok, Ovechkin for CCM). Reebok has phased out the CCM name on NHL authentic and replica jerseys in recent years, using the Reebok logo since 2005. Reebok is also endorsed by Allen Iverson, Yao Ming, Carolina Klà ¼ft, Amà ©lie Mauresmo, Nicole VaidiÃ… ¡ovà ¡, Shahar Peer, Ivy, Thierry Henry, Vince Young, Iker Casillas, Ryan Giggs, Andriy Shevchenko and Amir Khan It maintains its relationship with its origins in England through a long-term sponsorship deal with Bolton Wanderers, a Premiership football club. When the team moved to a brand new ground in the late-1990s, their new home was named the Reebok Stadium. Several other English clubs had Reebok sponsorship deals up until the purchase by Adidas, but most have since switched to either the parent brand (which has a long history in football) or another company altogether. PRODUCT RANGE Reebok has many variety of products which is as under:- Cricket teams with kits manfactured by Reebok Asia Chennai Super Kings Isasthan Royals Bangalore Royal Challengers Kolkata Knight Riders Football (soccer) clubs/leagues with kits manfactured by Reebok Europe Bolton Wanderers Aris FC KF Drenica 1. FC Kà ¶ln PFC CSKA Moscow Africa Bloemfontein Celtic AmaZulu F.C. Reebok technologies Hex Ride Play Shield Play Dry Rbk Edge Uniform System Hydro move DMX DMX10 DMX6 Griptonite The Pump DMX Foam DMX Reflex Hexalite 3D Ultralite E.R.S. (Energy Return System) TRANSFORMATION PROCESS Every organization, be it a product or service organization, transforms certain inputs into outputs. For getting the desired output, the quality of these inputs are to be monitored regularly, and also a comparion is to be made for the real output and the desired output. This all process is done in an environment of random disturbances which are unexpected and therefore sometimes not planned too. This all process is hence known as transformation process in context to operations management. Reebok adopt transformation process which creates input into output. This process creates good product of reebok. The following example shows us the transformation of reebok and it starts from learning and ends with interpretation. Reebok is main player in the market. It has its own image in the market Reebok creates good working environment for their employees Several months were taken out of the product developmentprocess, which allowedReebokto bring new and more relevant products to market much faster. FACILITY LAYOUT Whether your company is looking to incorporate new processing equipment, expand facilities or integrate a data collection system into your existing, expanded, or planned facility, reebok can help you realize the maximum benefit from your efforts. Proper Facilities Layout of reebok includes optimally locating equipment, materials, people, infrastructure and data collection points to minimize movement, handling and travel distance of the material and labor while increasing overall productivity. Reebok Facilities Layout Approach Develop and/or verify a baseline drawing Reebok and will develop and/or verify a baseline drawing of your existing facility, to include, if applicable: Production Production area drawing will show production equipment, personnel, locations and routing of primary utilities (electrical, pneumatic, vacuum, coolant, data, etc.), lighting, cranes, column locations, transportation aisles, material storage areas, docks, doors Warehouse/shipping Warehouse/shipping will show racks, columns, aisles, electrical, material handling equipment, computer workstations, data collection points, printers, inventory location and quantities Office Data infrastructure, electrical, personnel locations, solid and partition walls, common equipment (copiers, printers, etc.), Facilitate employee input meetings reebok will facilitate meetings to gain input and identify the facilities layout requirements with regard to: Product/process flow Facility / infrastructure Data transfer Equipment Inventory levels and management Develop, design and present potential new layout(s) Reebok will work to improve the process flow and efficiency based upon underlying principles of lean manfacturing and process flow efficiency. Efforts will focus on dock locations, equipment configurations, inventory management and handling practices, and expansion. The team will develop facilities layout options, showing the current operation best arranged within the facility, and offer recommendations to accommodate future growth. FACALITY LOCATION Facility location, also known as location analysis, is a branch of operations research concerning itself with mathematical modeling and solution of problems concerning optimal placement of facilities in order to minimize transportation costs, avoid placing hazardous materials near housing, outperform competitors facilities, etc Input validation assumption output PRODUCTION PLANING SYSTEM PRODUCTION PLANNING AND INVENTORY CONTROL includes the analysis of six key factors. Forecasts of future demand for both new and existing products provide information for developing production plans. In capacity planning, the firm analyzes how much of a product it must be able to produce. Location planning for goods and for low-contact services involves analyzing proposed facility sites in terms of proximity to raw materials and markets, availability of labor, and energy and transportation costs. Layout planning includes designing a facility so that customer needs are supplied for high-contact services and so as to enhance production efficiency. In quality planning, systems are developed to ensure that products meet a firms quality standards. Finally, in methods planning, specific production steps and methods for performing them are identified. The training program provides in-depth conceptual and practical skills about PRODUCTION PLANNING AND INVENTORY CONTROL Objectives of Reebok in planning It is the key concepts of Production Planning and Inventory Control. Explain the meaning of the term production or operations. Describe the four kinds of utility provided by production and explain the two classifications of operations processes. Describe the FIFO FILO concepts and processes. Identify opportunities in inventory management. Learn how to apply the tools by participating in a simulation. Explain factors in operations scheduling, operations control, materials management and the use of operations control tools. QUALITY SYSTEM First of all I m telling that why quality system needed:- How is customer satisfaction achieved? Two dimensions: Product features and Freedom from deficiencies. Product features Refers to quality of design. Examples in manfacturing industry: Performance, Reliability, Durability, Ease of use, Esthetics etc. Examples in service industry: Accuracy, Timeliness, Friendliness and courtesy, Knowledge of server etc. Freedom from deficiencies Refers to quality of conformance. Higher conformance means fewer complaints and increased customer satisfaction. Reebok take in mind all these things before designing product. It has good quality system . INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventoryis a list forgoodsandmaterials, or those goods and materials themselves, held available in stock by abusiness. It is also used for a list of the contents of a household and for a list for testamentarypurposes of the possessions of someone who has died. In accounting inventory is considered anasset. In business management, inventory consists of a list of goods and materials held available in stock. Inventory Management of reebok includes:- Inventory Control Must tie together the following objectives, to insure there is continity between functions: Company Strategic Goals Sales Forecasting Sales Operations Planning Production Material Planning Reebok adopt this inventory management. CONCLUSION We analyze the overall structure of the Reebok company so we conclude the it is in good position in the market. The transformation process adopted by Reebok is very good and quality of his products is very good and finally we can say the overall position of Reebok is very good. BIBLIOGRAPHY www.reebok.com www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facility_location www.invatol.com Books Stevenson Philip Kotler

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Teaching Teachers Education Learning Essays

Philosophy of Education It has taken me many years to decide on what profession that I want to pursue. I enlisted for four years in the Air Force and enjoyed this very much, but the time away from my family was too much. After getting out of the Air Force, I decided I wanted to go into the financial arena and started selling insurance for New York Life Insurance Company. I did not have the personality to sell life insurance for this involved being really pushy. Later I found what I thought was the perfect job, assistant manager at a credit union. I still was not happy. While all these career changes were going on, I was coaching a club soccer team consisting of high school boys. This gave me the vision of what I really wanted to do, become a teacher. The biggest reason why I want to become a teacher is that a teacher has the ability to influence and shape the future Albert Einstein, Bill Gates, or just the average Joe down the street. We all can remember that one teacher who shaped or changed our lives as we progressed through our schooling and what better way to honor them than by trying the accomplish the same things they did for us. This is a very powerful ability to possess and while your influential you must not let your prejudices interfere with the rounding of the student. What important qualities will I need to possess to be an effective high school teacher? I will need to have patience as I already see how important this is with my own daughter. Intelligence is important in your area of expertise because students will be able to tell if you know what you are teaching. Honesty with students because this will build trust among the students and yourself. Sharing life experiences with your students is important because this also builds trust among yourself and the students. Being well organized is another quality that must possess and at this time I need work in this area. Caring is an important quality because sometimes we forget that our students are human and has ideas and opinions of their own. Being fun and interesting builds wonderful memories and helps the students learn. My goals as a teacher include the things above, but also many more. First and foremost I want to receive my master’s degree, but while doing this I also want to be teaching in a high school.

Lessons Learned at Summer Camp :: Memoir Essays

Lessons Learned at Summer Camp       Gazing up at the clouds, I thought of all the great times I had been a part of. The whole week had been full of excitement. Every day was a payoff of all of the work put into this experience. "Did it have to end so quickly?" I wondered to myself. "Just think of next year", I said to comfort my disbelief, "Its going to be ten times the fun. I'll make sure of that." After what seemed like years of waiting, the day of camp finally arrived. I hastily packed my bags and threw them in my car. My sister on the other hand, was late. She took forever putting her bags together and she walked out of the house as slow as a snail. "Hurry up!" I yelled at her. "I'm sorry." She replied. The only thing I could say was "Sure, whatever." But, I wasn't going to let this get in the way of my excitement. I was so charged with a "rush" as I pulled out of the driveway. I arrived at the guest ranch that we would be staying at around the same time as everyone else. It was later in the evening so the first item on our agenda was to eat supper. After we ate, the seventeen of us students and the six counselors all had a short chapel meeting. Following the meeting, we all played a game of capture the flag out in the trees by the ranch and then hit the sack. The next day I woke up and went through my usual morning strategy of preparing myself for the exciting day to come. I had breakfast with the rest of the group followed by an intense game of horseshoes. Then we had what is called "Quiet Time." It is a time that each of us went off somewhere by ourselves and read our bible or reflected on events that have happened. I went and sat in the shade of one of the trees. It was an incredible half-hour. I took a look at nature and realized how awesome God really is. I saw all kinds of insects and different pieces of life. It was a neat feeling that I had that morning. The rest of the day the group and I played games and had some time to go where we wanted to. During a game of horseshoes, Nathan carelessly threw a horseshoe out of control towards me.

Essay --

Ryan White was the most prominent HIV/AIDS activist. He had become the national poster boy for HIV/AIDs in the United States. Ryan educated the public with knowledge about his disease. Because of Ryan’s experience being broadcasted across the nation, the discrimination of those who had HIV or AIDS was exposed and he spoke out for the rights of those who were living with AIDS. The programs started in his name today are the largest provider of services for people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States. What is HIV/AIDS? HIV stands for â€Å"human immunodeficiency syndrome,† while AIDS stands for â€Å"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.† AIDS is the final stage of HIV, which causes severe damage to the immune system. In our world today, over 35.3 million people worldwide currently live with either HIV or AIDS, with 2.1 million of them still being young children and teens. It is transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected body tissue or fluids, or hereditarily from the mother during pregnancy and breastfeeding (Global AIDS Overview). What people didn’t know before, and still don’t today, is that the virus cannot be transmitted through; saliva, sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless they are somehow contaminated with blood. Most people that live with or are at risk of contracting HIV do not have access to any sort of prevention or treatment care. Although scientists have spent many years searching, there is still no known cure for the virus. Today, he would be forty-two years old. Born in Kokomo, Ryan was diagnosed as a hemophiliac at birth. He suffered from severe Hemophilia A, a hereditary blood coagulation which causes even the most minor injuries to result in severe bleeding. He would begin receiving the common treatment at ... ...tor Orrin Hatch and Edward Kennedy, it helped the cause by providing funds to the cities hardest hit by AIDS. This contained disaster relief for 16 cities, grants to all 50 states, and special projects that emphasized early intervention for newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients. The act improved available funding for care of low-income, uninsured, and underinsured victims of AIDS and their families (Siplon). Ryan White was the most prominent AIDS activist. Being the national poster boy for AIDS in the United States, he changed its public perception on AIDS. Also because of White’s influence, a numerous amount of programs have been established that provide victims of HIV/AIDS cope with the disease, especially the populations that were underserved and couldn’t cope without any assistance. Ryan was an influence to not only HIV/AIDS victims, but to people nationwide.

Ongoing Stroke Rehabilitation Programs Health And Social Care Essay

A really of import factor in long-run recovery is go oning stroke rehabilitation at place. Surveies have shown that one time stroke patients return place there is a diminution in their rehabilitation and less attending is given to it. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System conducted research in 2005 and concluded merely 31 % of shot subsisters receive outpatient rehabilitation. This resulted in lower rates of functional position and reduced quality of life. In the longer term surveies besides show that less than 10 % of people after a shot receive occupational or physical therapy. However, lower degrees of disablement and on-going jobs were reported by those patients who did have therapy. Ongoing Stroke Rehabilitation Programs The benefits for patients who received uninterrupted, long-run rehab were legion. Patients were able to larn new schemes to counterbalance for abilities lost, created new nervous connexions to short-circuit damaged encephalon cells, decreased medical complications, reduced the hazard of another shot, and made the most of their new functional abilities. Fiscal factors are one obstruction in the manner of therapy, healers and professional health professionals. On traveling conformity of patients can besides interfere with follow-up intervention, particularly for those who may experience better or have become independent already. But the biggest challenge comes in the transportation of information and engineering to those who will really utilize it. In order to maximize recovery continiuing shot rehabilitation at place is really of import. It should be made a precedence because of how important it is for the shot subsister ‘s uninterrupted recovery.Life after a shotThere are ways to do life easier if your abilities are impacted due to stroke. Dressing can be made easier by choosing apparels with front fasteners and replacing buttons, slide fasteners, and lacings with Velcro closings. There are besides several dressing AIDSs available, such as pole-handled shoe horns on Internet sites and in wellness supply shops. Particular utensils such as flatware with built-up grips which are easier to hold on and rocker knives for cutting nutrient with one manus can assist people with physically-impaired weaponries and custodies. Helpful bathroom devices include, among others, grab bars in shower or bath, raised lavatory place, bath bench, electric razor and toothbrush and flip-top toothpaste tubing. A strokeA can beA life-changing and life-altering, nevertheless, one can stillA hold a great quality of life.A A A better name for shot may be â€Å" encephalon onslaught. â€Å" A The affects of a shot depend on the location of the encephalon attack.A An of import point to retrieve is that every shot is different and therefore, each shot subsister must be treatedA separately based on their shot outcome.A While every shot subsister has one thing in common — evidently, they have suffered a shot, they are still a alone individual — they have a name, a face, and a personality ( and some personalities are more alone than others. ) A A shot may non merely impact a individual physically and cognitively, but besides emotionally and financially as well.A A While the route to recovery depends on the person, health professionals play a particular and of import role.A There is so much information and cognition about shot now compared to the pastA Our infirmaries are better equipped to cover with the ague attention of shot and get down the person on their route to recovery.A Rehabilitation Centers continue that route and assist the shot subsister and convey them to the following level.A However, that period after a rehab centre, stroke subsisters and their households find themselves inquiring the inquiry: â€Å" What Now and What Next? â€Å" A Fortunately, in Kansas City there is the American Stroke Foundation where shot subsisters can go to and go on on their recovery road.A A ASF is non a medical installation, but instead a Wellness Center for shot subsisters and their families.A Stroke subsisters can go to categor ies and activities to re-build their life.A ASF is the lone non-profit organisation in the United States that is entirely dedicated to working hands-on with shot subsisters to authorise them to get the better of the challenges from their shot.Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Fact SheetAAIn the United States more than 700,000 people suffer a stroke* each twelvemonth, and about two-thirds of these persons survive and require rehabilitation. The ends of rehabilitation are to assist subsisters go every bit independent as possible and to achieve the best possible quality of life. Even though rehabilitation does non â€Å" remedy † shot in that it does non change by reversal encephalon harm, rehabilitation can well assist people achieve the best possible long-run result.What is post-stroke rehabilitation?Rehabilitation helps stroke subsisters relearn accomplishments that are lost when portion of the encephalon is damaged. For illustration, these accomplishments can include organizing leg motions in order to walk or transporting out the stairss involved in any complex activity. Rehabilitation besides teaches subsisters new ways of executing undertakings to besiege or counterbalance for any residuary disablements. Patients may necessitate to larn how to bathe and dress utilizing merely one manus, or how to pass on efficaciously when their ability to utilize linguistic communication has been compromised. There is a strong consensus among rehabilitation experts that the most of import component in any rehabilitation plan is carefully directed, well-focused, insistent pattern – the same sort of pattern used by all people when they learn a new accomplishment, such as playing the piano or fliping a baseball. Rehabilitative therapy begins in the acute-care infirmary after the patient ‘s medical status has been stabilized, frequently within 24 to 48 hours after the shot. The first stairss involve advancing independent motion because many patients are paralyzed or earnestly weakened. Patients are prompted to alter places often while lying in bed and to prosecute in passive or active range-of-motion exercisings to beef up their stroke-impaired limbs. ( â€Å" Passive † range-of-motion exercisings are those in which the healer actively helps the patient travel a limb repeatedly, whereas â€Å" active † exercisings are performed by the patient with no physical aid from the healer. ) Patients advancement from sitting up and reassigning between the bed and a chair to standing, bearing their ain weight, and walking, with or without aid. Rehabilitation nurses and healers help patients execute increasingly more complex and demanding undertakings, such as bathing, dressing, and u tilizing a lavatory, and they encourage patients to get down utilizing their stroke-impaired limbs while prosecuting in those undertakings. Get downing to reacquire the ability to transport out these basic activities of day-to-day life represents the first phase in a shot subsister ‘s return to functional independency. For some shot subsisters, rehabilitation will be an on-going procedure to keep and polish accomplishments and could affect working with specializers for months or old ages after the shot.Physical healersPhysical healers specialize in handling disablements related to motor and centripetal damages. They are trained in all facets of anatomy and physiology related to normal map, with an accent on motion. They assess the shot subsister ‘s strength, endurance, scope of gesture, pace abnormalcies, and centripetal shortages to plan individualised rehabilitation plans aimed at recovering control over motor maps. Physical healers help subsisters regain the usage of stroke-impaired limbs, teach compensatory schemes to cut down the consequence of staying shortages, and set up on-going exercising plans to assist people retain their freshly learned accomplishments. Disabled people tend to avoid utilizing impaired limbs, a behaviour called learned non-use. However, the insistent usage of impaired limbs encourages encephalon plasticity** and helps cut down disablements. Schemes used by physical healers to promote the usage of impaired limbs include selective centripetal stimulation such as tapping or stroking, active and inactive range-of-motion exercisings, and impermanent restraint of healthy limbs while practising motor undertakings. Some physical healers may utilize a new engineering, transdermal electrical nervus stimulation ( TENS ) , that encourages encephalon reorganisation and recovery of map. TENS involves utilizing a little investigation that generates an electrical current to excite nervus activity in stroke-impaired limbs. In general, physical therapy emphasizes practising stray motions, repeatedly altering from one sort of motion to another, and practising complex motions that require a great trade of coordination and balance, such as walking up or down stepss or traveling safely between obstructions. Peoples excessively weak to bear their ain weight can still pattern insistent motions during hydropathy ( in which H2O provides centripetal stimulation every bit good as weight support ) or while being partly supported by a harness. A recent tendency in physical therapy emphasizes the effectivity of prosecuting in purposive activities, such as playing games, to advance coordination. Physical healers often employ selective centripetal stimulation to promote usage of impaired limbs and to assist subsisters with neglect regain consciousness of stimulations on the ignored side of the organic structure.Occupational and recreational healersLike physical healers, occupational healers are concerned with betterin g motor and centripetal abilities. They help subsisters relearn accomplishments needed for executing autonomous activities-occupations-such as personal training, fixing repasts, and clean housing. Therapists can learn some subsisters how to accommodate to driving and supply on-road preparation. They frequently teach people to split a complex activity into its constituent parts, pattern each portion, and so execute the whole sequence of actions. This scheme can better coordination and may assist people with apraxia relearn how to transport out planned actions. Occupational healers besides teach people how to develop compensatory schemes and how to alter elements of their environment that bound activities of day-to-day life. For illustration, people with the usage of merely one manus can replace Velcro closings for buttons on vesture. Occupational healers besides help people make alterations in their places to increase safety, take barriers, and ease physical operation, such as put ining grab bars in bathrooms. Recreational healers help people with a assortment of disablements to develop and utilize their leisure clip to heighten their wellness, independency, and quality of life.Speech-language diagnosticiansSpeech-language diagnosticians help stroke subsisters with aphasia relearn how to utilize linguistic communication or develop alternate agencies of communicating. They besides help people better their ability to get down, and they work with patients to develop problem-solving and societal accomplishments needed to get by with the aftereffects of a shot. Many specialized curative techniques have been developed to help people with aphasia. Some signifiers of short-run therapy can better comprehension quickly. Intensive exercisings such as reiterating the healer ‘s words, practising following waies, and making reading or composing exercisings form the basis of linguistic communication rehabilitation. Colloquial coaching and dry run, every bit good asA the development of prompts or cues to assist people retrieve specific words, are sometimes good. Speech-language diagnosticians besides help stroke subsisters develop schemes for besieging linguistic communication disablements. These schemes can include the usage of symbol boards or mark linguistic communication. Recent progresss in computing machine engineering have spurred the development of new types of equipment to heighten communicating. Speech-language diagnosticians use noninvasive imagination techniques to analyze get downing forms of shot subsisters and place the exact beginning of their damage. Troubles with get downing have many possible causes, including a delayed swallowing physiological reaction, an inability to pull strings nutrient with the lingua, or an inability to observe nutrient staying lodged in the cheeks after get downing. When the cause has been pinpointed, speech-language diagnosticians work with the person to invent schemes to get the better of or minimise the shortage. Sometimes, merely altering organic structure place and up position during eating can convey approximately betterment. The texture of nutrients can be modified to do get downing easier ; for illustration, thin liquids, which frequently cause choking, can be thickened. Changing eating wonts by taking little bites and masticating easy can besides assist relieve dysphagia.Vocational healersApproximately one-quarter of all shots occur in people between the ages of 45 and 65. For most people in this age group, returning to work is a major concern. Vocational healers perform many of the same maps that ordinary calling counsellors do. They can assist people with residuary disablements identify vocational strengths and develop resumes that highlight those strengths. They besides can assist place possible employers, aid in specific occupation hunts, and supply referrals to stroke vocational rehabilitation bureaus. Most of import, vocational healers educate handicapped persons about their rights and protections as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. This jurisprudence requires employers to do â€Å" sensible adjustments † for handicapped employees. Vocational healers often act as go-betweens between employers and employees to negociate the proviso of sensible adjustments in the workplace.Where can a shot patient acquire rehabilitation?Rehabilitation should get down every bit shortly as a shot patient is stable, frequently within 24 to 48 hours after a shot. This first phase of rehabilitation normally occurs within an acute-care infirmary. At the clip of discharge from the infirmary, the shot patient and household co-ordinate with hospital societal workers to turn up a suited life agreement. Many stroke subsisters return place, but some move into some type of medical installation.

History of the periodic table Essay

Alexandre Beguyer de Chancourtois (1820-1886) In 1863, a 44 year old French geologist, he created a list of the elements arranged by increasing atomic weight. The list was wrapped around a cylinder so that several sets of similar elements lined up, creating the first geometric representation of the periodic law. In 1862 was the first person to make use of atomic weights to reveal periodicity (i.e. when the elements were arranged according to their atomic weights, similar elements seemed to occur at regular intervals.) He drew the elements as a continuous spiral around a cylinder divided into 16 parts. The atomic weight of oxygen was taken as 16 and used as the standard against which all others were compared. Chancourtois noticed that certain of the triads appeared below one another in his spiral. In particular the tetrad oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium fell together, and he called his device the â€Å"telluric helix†. The atomic weights of these elements are 16,32,79 and 128, respectively, and quite fortuitously they are multiples or near multiples, of 16. Other parts of the screw were less successful. Thus boron and aluminium come together all right but are then followed by nickel, arsenic, lanthanum and palladium. Chancourtois had discovered periodicity, but had got the frequency wrong. If a periodic table is regarded as an ordering of the chemical elements demonstrating the periodicity of chemical and physical properties, credit for the first periodic table (published in 1862) probably should be given to a French geologist, A.E.Beguyer de Chancourtois. De Chancourtois transcribed a list of the elements positioned on a cylinder in terms of increasing atomic weight. When the cylinder was constructed so that 16 mass units could be written on the cylinder per turn, closely related elements were lined up vertically. This led de Chancourtois to propose that â€Å"the properties of the elements are the properties of numbers.† De Chancourtois was first to recognize that elemental properties reoccur every seven elements, and using this chart, he was able to predict the the stoichiometry of several metallic oxides. Unfortunately, his chart included some ions and compounds in  addition to elements.